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Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan

Chapter 18 Section 4. Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. Syria. Capital: Damascus Oldest continuously inhabited city in world Climate Mostly desert Geography Narrow coastal plain Double mountain belt in west Large desert plateau in east. Damascus. Euphrates river. Golan heights. Syria.

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Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan

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  1. Chapter 18 Section 4 Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan

  2. Syria • Capital: • Damascus • Oldest continuously inhabited city in world • Climate • Mostly desert • Geography • Narrow coastal plain • Double mountain belt in west • Large desert plateau in east

  3. Damascus Euphrates river

  4. Golan heights

  5. Syria • Leading regional trade center • Mandate of France after World War I • Mandate: former territories of defeated nations • placed under control of the winning countries after the war • Gained independence in 1941

  6. Politics • 1971-2000 • Hafiz al-Assad lead government • Increased size of military • Goal to match Israel’s strength • 2000 • Bashar al-Assad elected present • Took over after father’s death

  7. government • Republic under authoritarian regime • Political power concentrated on an individual • Not responsible to the people • Non-democratic • Military dominated • Independence Day • April 17, 1946

  8. Economy • Government owned • Oil refineries • Large electrical plants • Railroads • Manufactured goods • Textiles • Food products • Chemicals • Agriculture important

  9. Economy • Small deposits of oil • Other important natural resources • Basalts- dark fine grained rock from volcanoes used in floor tiles and asphalt • Limestone- sedimentary rock used in building and road making • Phosphates- used in fertilizer

  10. 17 million people • 90% Arab • 10% Kurds and Armenians • Religion • 74% Sunni Muslim • 16% Alawites and Druze • Small branches of Islam • 10% Christian • Small Jewish communities in some cities People

  11. Lebanon • Small mountainous • On Mediterranean coast • Capitol: Beirut • Climate: • Mediterranean

  12. History • Many religious and ethnic groups during Ottoman Empire • After World War I became a French Mandate with Syria • Gained independence in January 1, 1944

  13. Beirut Coast of Lebanon

  14. Population mostly Arab • Divided into several religious groups • Muslim • Sunni, Shia, Druze (Middle Eastern religious sect) • Christian • Maronites • Eastern rite of the Catholic Church • At the time of independence • Slightly more Christian • Now more Muslim People

  15. After Independence • Muslim and Christians shared power • Government positions carefully designated to each group • Shia- the poorest group, grew rapidly • Designation in government did not • Tension grew between groups Civil war

  16. Palestine refugees migrated to Lebanon Ethnic and religious groups armed themselves Fighting broke out in 1970’s Fighting lasted until 1990 Tens of thousands of people died Beruit was badly damaged Civil war

  17. 1990’s the economy began to strengthen • Oil refining pick up • It was brought to Lebanon by a pipeline • Food processing • Textiles • Cement • Chemical • Jewelry making • Farming • Tobacco • Grains • Vegetables Economy

  18. Jordan • Capitol: Amman • Population • 6.4 million people • Israel and the Dead Sea on the West. • Syria to the north • Arid hills and mountains make up Jordan • Climate: mostly desert with rainy season in the west

  19. History • Known as Transjordan until 1949 • After World War I it was a British Mandate • British established Prince Abdullah as the monarch • He helped English in WWI • Became fully independent in May 25, 1946

  20. Amman, Jordan Amman Temple ruins

  21. History • West Bank • After creation of Israel and war of 1946 Jordan annexed the West Bank • At independence • Population small • Nomadic or seminomadic West Bank wall from Jerusalem

  22. 1947 • West Bank was Jordananian territory • 1967 Six Day War • After Arab-Israeli war the West Bank was under Israeli occupation • Population of West Bank • Palestinian West bank

  23. At independence population of Jordan • Small • Nomadic or seminomadic • After Israeli wars in 1948 and 1967 • Hundreds of thousand Palestinian refugees migrated to Jordan HIstory

  24. History • Migration of refugees • Strained resources • Cultural division between • Palestinian • “original” Jordanian Arabs • Palestinian Refugees 1967

  25. History • 1952-1999 • Ruled by King Hussin • Considered best ruler in the region • Popularity allowed democratic reforms • Resulted in fewer conflicts.

  26. Economy • Limited resources • Phosphates • Cement • Potash • Salts that contain the water soluble form of potassium • Depend on oil rich Arab nations for aid

  27. Resources • Farmers • Raise fruits and vegetables on Jordan river • Highland areas • Wheat • Sheep and goats important source of income • Overgrazing causes erosion • Lack of water an issue

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