Journal: Day 26

1. Journal: Day 26 • If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life? • If you or your spouse were pregnant, would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects? • Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire? • Handout: “Some Currently Available DNA Tests Available”

2. Gene Testing • Test for treatable disease to greatly reduce risks, 56% Americans are “very likely” to take the test • No known treatment, 26% • “If you could have a comprehensive genetic test, which would tell you about the likelihood that you might get several major diseases, and it was not at all expensive, how likely do you think you would be to have it—very likely, somewhat likely, or not very likely?,” • 39 % “very likely,” 30% “somewhat likely,” 29 % “not very likely,” and 2 % were either not sure or refused to answer. • Who should see it? • 90 % agreed that their doctor should see it, 39 % said their health insurance company, 25 % said a life insurance company “from whom they want to obtain a policy,” and 17 % indicated their employer.

3. Journal: Day 27 • The Bell Curve – A Book about IQ research… • IQ’s heritability value = 0.6 • Blacks score on average 15 points lower than whites on IQ tests • Their Conclusion: blacks are genetically inferior to whites… • DO YOU AGREE? • IF SO, WHY? • IF NOT, WHAT DOES CAUSE THIS OBSERVED DIFFERENCE?

4. Journal: Day 28 • Some definitions: • Sexual identity – sexual tendency for males/females/both • Gender identity – internal feeling of being a male / female • Social gender role – adherence to cultural norms for feminine and masculine behavior • Place these on a nature / nurture scale…(which is most influenced by nature? nurture? middle?

5. Other Journal Ideas • When looking for a future (when you’re old enough of course) potential mate, what 5 attributes are most important to you? WHY?!

6. Other Journal Ideas • “Who has been the most important influence in your life?” • 50% of teens say parents

7. Other Journal Ideas • Imagine that you are a little older • Women: In your relationships with men, do you prefer them to express their emotions fully, or to be cautious about expressing emotion? WHY? • Men: In your relationships with women, do you prefer that they plan to have careers or be homemakers? WHY?

8. Nature and Nurture of Behavior Chapter 3, Myers, 7th ed. Andy Filipowicz

9. Introduction • Fact or Falsehood (Handout 3-1) • F, T, F, T, F, F, T, T, T, T • ?Universal human qualities? • Avoid incest, fear snakes, exchange gifts, modesty in sexual behavior (even without clothes) • Labor divided by age / sex • Men more aggressive; women more child care • Taboos, sanctions for crimes against society (theft, murder, rape) • Marriage defines sexual access to a fertile woman • Mimic, flirt, envy, empathize, joke, tease, dance • Myths, folklore, poetry, attempts to control or predict the weather

10. Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences

11. Genes • How many chromosomes do you get from mom? Dad? Total?? • 30,000 genes • Dominant vs. Recessive • Brown eyes = Dominant • Draw a straight line on your paper • Line up ring finger to it • Does index finger reach the line? • Short indexes is recessive in females (expect less), but dominant in males (expect more)

12. Punnett Squares…you know this stuff, so try it! • ?A man with red hair (recessive) marries a woman with black hair (dominant) whose mother had red hair. What are the chances that their first child will have red hair? Black hair? • 2 in 4; 2 in 4

13. More fun… • ? A man and a woman both have brown eyes, but their first child has blue eyes. What are the chances that their second child will have blue eyes? • 1 in 4; previous kids DO NOT MATTER • Other dominant traits: curly hair, dimples in cheeks, unattached earlobes, farsightedness

14. Twin Studies • How alike are we? • Stand up vs. sit down using (Handout 3-2) • Jerry Levey and Mark Newman (the firemen in your book) ID twins separated at birth • (7) in yellow • Big Point • Nature: 99.9% of our genes are the same and we end up very much the same on so many variables • Nature: identical twins are usually even more similar! So, genes DO contribute to our personalities and effect the outcome of our lives

15. Adoption Studies • What do these studies show us? • The effect of nurture – family environment • Anyone adopted? Your personality will correlate higher with…? • Anyone have siblings? Your personalities correlate not much more than 2 randomly drawn people from the street • ?How do your parents treat you and your siblings differently from each other? • Siblings are treated differently by parents & siblings in turn react differently (nature nurture interaction) • Big Point: Nature help shape one’s environment (nurture) • Same nature creates a more similar nurture (ID Twins) • ?SO, what do you think of your siblings? • Only 1/3 of sibling pairs show similar degrees of affection towards each other • So what? • 1 study: The more negative a younger sibling is toward the older, the HIGHER the self-esteem of the younger sibling in the long run • What is it about Baby X vs. Baby Y that shapes their environments differently?

16. Temperament • Def: a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity • Seen almost at birth and helps to predict personality later in life • Handout 3-3: EAS Temperament Survey (see guide pg. 8 for descriptions) • Scoring: reverse values for items 6, 18, 19 THEN, • Emotionality = intensity of emotional reactions • Distress (4, 9, 11, 16) • Fearfulness (3, 12, 14, 19) • Anger (5, 8, 13, 18) • Activity = general energy level output • Add (2, 7, 10, 17) • Sociability = tendency to affiliate and interact with others • Add (1, 6, 15, 20)

17. American Population Means (Buss and Plomin)

18. Temperaments are inherited (Buss & Plomin). • ID Twins correlation coefficients • Emotionality .63 • Activity .62 • Sociability .53 • Fraternal Twins correlation coefficients • E .12 • A -.13 • S -.03 • Children are not blank slates, but obviously the environment still contributes through conditioning

19. Heritability • As environments become more similar (MARK TWAIN’s feeding young boys through holes in barrels until they are 12, then compare intelligence), heredity as a source of differences necessarily becomes more important?? COOL??...therefore, heritability of any trait goes up the more similar the environments become as long as there is any genetic contribution.

20. “Genetic” Has 2 Meanings • Genetic Determination: # of toes is genetically determined b/c we all have 5 toes • Heritability: matter of the extent to which genetic differences cause variation in number of toes • Ratio: genetically caused variation: total variation (genes + environment) • G / (G + E) • So, we must control for environmental variation first if we want to make any conclusions about the extent to which genes determine any differences • If E is 0, G / G = 1, so heritability = 1!

21. Some Examples • # of toes or fingers is genetically determined (5) • Heritability though of # of toes is almost certainly very low…Why? • Control the environment: Most of the variation in number of toes is environmentally caused (fetal development problems) (so, we know what causes # of toe differences, because we have historical evidence of it): • Pregnant women taking thalidomide • In other words, h is low because genes are not responsible for much of the variation. In other words, differences caused by environment are very high!!!

22. Another Example • Wearing Earrings • Some time ago in the western culture at least, heritability was high…?WHY? • Remember, it’s about controlling the environment • Only women used to wear them, so whether a person wore wearing earrings was due to a genetic difference (X vs. Y chromosome)! • Now, earrings are less gender-specific • Now, heritability for having an earring has decreased • But, the heritability for having an earring across the entire world hasn’t decreased as much probably because men in other cultures have worn earrings /jewelry historically. • So, wearing earings in our culture is less “genetic” today than it used to be because the difference used to be entirely due to a genetic cause

23. High Heritability WITHOUT ANY genetic determinism! • IQ!!! • IQ is enormously affected by normal environmental variation • Children from low socio-economic status backgrounds adopted into upper socio-economic status have dramatically higher IQs than their biological parents • Flynn Effect: IQ has gone up about 3 points every 10 years worldwide (better nutrition, better health care and so forth)

24. IT DEPENDS ON ENVRIONMENT • How could we lower the heritability of IQ in any given population? (What could we do to the people?) • Give half of them brain damage • This increases the environmentally caused variation!!! Therefore, the ratio is a smaller fraction (H = gene:total) (If G is constant as T goes up, H goes down)

25. SO H is a POPULATION CHARACTERISTIC • You cannot extrapolate results of heritability outside the population you are talking about • The H very much depends on environmental variation • The degree of H is often extremely difficult to pinpoint and measure • So h is really only a good measure if we know the salient qualities of a particular environment • So, do black and white people’s environments equal each other? Are we working with the same environmental constraints?

26. H of IQ goes up over the life span • WHY??? • Environments become more similar as you grow up • Parents are very different • But, once away from your parents • Pretty much everybody experiences the same generic society though • So, environments become more similar, therefore the differences must be due to genes, not the environment.

27. Heritability • (Thomas Bouchard) • Personality • The Big 5 (OCEAN; Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness; Neuroticism) = 50% • No differences in the sexes • Mental Ability • .22 at age 5 • .54 to . 62 at age 75+ • Psychiatric Illness • Schizophrenia .80 • Depression .40 • Anxiety disorders .20 to .40 • Alcoholism .50 to .60 • Antisocial personality disorder .41 to .46 • Anorexia nervosa .50 (http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/genetic_anorexia.htm)

29. Gene-Environment Interaction • Girls raised in fatherless households experience puberty earlier • ?N/N? • Monkeys only fear snakes after watching other monkeys fear snakes • Predisposition to learn a fear of snakes • Language Acquisition (Humans only) • Must observe other language-speaking individuals • Critical window • Homosexuality • Gay men more likely than lesbians or heterosexual men to have older brothers (not sisters) • Also, reduced birth weight, larger placenta • Immune reaction in mother may grow stronger with each successive male pregnancy (may affect expression of key genes involved in brain development

30. Genotype-Environment Correlation – 3 Sub Types • Handout – Larsen and Buss • Passive Genotype • Smart Parents have lots of books • Parents pass on smart genes and create a “smart” environment filled with books • Reactive Genotype-Environment • Baby seems to enjoy cuddling, so parents cuddle with the baby more • Sociability increases because of gene and the changed environment • Active Genotype-Environment • Niche picking – skydivers hang out with skydivers

31. “Genotype-Environment Correlation” • ?Let’s brainstorm some others?

32. Evolutionary Psychology

33. Evolutionary Psych • Think back to when you were a kid… • Did you ever resist going to bed? • WHY!? • Guide 12 – pink • Handout 3-4: Evolutionary Psychology – Tough Questions! • Men and Women differ (12 – yellow) • It’s about survival of the genes!!! That’s where natural selection works, not at the individual level! • ?How close are you to your grandparents? (13 – orange) • Rate your 4 relationships (if you know/knew them all) 0=cold or negative feelings; 100=warm or positive feelings • ?How about aunts/uncles?

34. Mating • When looking for a potential mate, what 5 attributes are most important to you?

35. Mate Preferences

36. What You Want, Girl? • Men want: smooth skin, youthful shape, hourglass figure • Women want: mature, dominant, bold (interestingly, men are 3x more likely to die in auto crashes than women), affluent men = capacity to support and protect • Sweaty Mate Choice video

37. Men are Pigs • Men are more likely to… • Think about sex • Report more frequently fantasies • Rate their own drive higher than same age females • Masturbate, begin it earlier • Homosexual couples: men have sex more than women • Put less emphasis on a committed relationship as a prerequisite for sex • Men: physical pleasure, fantasies involve strangers, multiple partners, focus on specific sex acts • Women: romanticized sexual experience; fantasies involve other a familiar partner, include affection, commitment • Be more sexually aggressive • Have less plastic sexual beliefs (adaptability to culture, social, and situational factors) • College doubles likelihood that man identifies as gay or bisexual • College creates a 900% increase in the % of women identifying as gay or bisexual

38. Some interesting stats (from your book) • 80% of adults-only video store shoppers are male (1993) • 55% of men, 35% of women agreed that “if 2 people really like each other, it’s all right for them to have sex even if they’ve known each other for a very short time.” • 48% of women, 25% of men cited affection as a reason for first intercourse • How often do you think about sex? 54 – 19 % in favor of men said every day or several times a day • Gay men vs. lesbian women: more interest in uncommitted sex, more responsiveness to visual stimuli, and more concern with partner’s physical attractiveness

39. Attitudes and Behavior • Casual hit and run sex is most frequent among males with traditional masculine attitudes • Men were approached by an average-looking opposite member and asked, ‘I have been noticing you around campus and I find you to be very attractive. Would you go to bed with me tonight?” said yes… • 75%! • all women said no (sometimes the men even said, “why wait until tonight?”) • Men have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as a sexual come on…friendliness = sexual interest

40. Infidelity • ?Would you be more distressed if you found that your romantic partner was (1) having sexual intercourse with someone else or (2) was becoming emotionally involved with someone else? • Buss: 511 college students asked this question…83% of women said 2 compared to 40% of men…60% of men said 1, only 17% of women said 1

41. Infidelity • Kinsey (1940s): 36% of husbands, 25% of wives reported being unfaithful • Marital dissatisfaction tends to be higher among unfaithful women than unfaithful men • A male’s infidelity is more likely than a female’s to be a “one night stand” • Jealously does not appear to differ between the sexes

42. The Coolidge Effect (4 fun)

43. Parents and Peers

44. Do Parents Matter? • Psychology through film, #6 (5:15)

45. Early Experience • The Brain 1-2 (The Effects of Hormones and Environment on Brain Development)

46. Gender Development

47. Handout 3-10 • Me guide 25 • Why do we have these stereotypes? • Monkeys given a choice of rag dolls, trucks, and picture books (gender neutral) • Males: more time with trucks • Females: more time with rag dolls • 1 day olds too!!! wow

48. Who Does Housework? • Men: 16 hrs/week (up from 12 in 1965) • Women: 27 (down from 40) • Handout 3-11 Gender Roles in theHome

49. Abnormal Sex Chromosome • Turner’s Syndrome • Short, immature in appearance • Webbed necks, eyelid folds, broad chest, receding chins • Sterile, but very feminine • No intellectual impairment

50. Abnormal Sex Chromosome • Kleinfelter’s Syndrome • 1-2 / 1000 males • Extreme introversion • Above average height, long arms legs • Some breast development during puberty, unusually high-pitched voice, little beard growth • Sterile • Intellectual functioning somewhat impaired • Prison pops show a slightly disproportionate number of these guys (commit more minor crimes)