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CUMULATIVE CAUSATION, CORRIDOR OF DIVERGENCE AND INSTITUTIONAL MATRICES

CUMULATIVE CAUSATION, CORRIDOR OF DIVERGENCE AND INSTITUTIONAL MATRICES. Svetlana Kirdina Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow AFIT at WSSA April 10-12, 2013, Denver, Colorado. The main idea of the paper.

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CUMULATIVE CAUSATION, CORRIDOR OF DIVERGENCE AND INSTITUTIONAL MATRICES

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  1. CUMULATIVE CAUSATION, CORRIDOR OF DIVERGENCE ANDINSTITUTIONAL MATRICES Svetlana Kirdina Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow AFIT at WSSA April 10-12, 2013, Denver, Colorado

  2. The main idea of the paper • Is to develop Veblenian ideas of cumulative causation as well as Marxian historical materialism to explain the permanent dichotomy of social and economic systems in the world. • An institutional matrices theory (Kirdina, 2001, 2003 …) develops both these ideas and shows two attractors for social and economic trajectories within the corridor of divergence. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  3. Cumulative causation • Cumulative causation (CC) principles have been investigated in different spheres of economic analysis. They demonstrate a “positive feedback” approach to the social and economic change and emphasize the circular and cumulative character in the process. • NanakoFujita (2004) shows three origins and currents of CC theory: 1) Veblenian CC theory (1898); 2) Wicksellian CC theory (1898); 3) Young-Kaldor type CC theory (1928). AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  4. Veblenian CC theory • Thorstein Veblen focused on the “institutional change” and stressed the necessity of “theories of a comprehensive process by the notion of a cumulative causation” (Veblen 1898, p. 377-378). Veblen applied the Darwinian principles of variation, inheritance and selection to institutional evolution. The process of historical evolution of institutions, according to Veblen, is ‘the natural selection of institutions’, “a scheme of blindly cumulative causation, in which there no trend, no final term, no consummation” (Veblen, 1907, p. 304), which “transforms the entire society in a myriad of different ways” (McCormick, 2006, p. xxi). AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  5. Not only divergence • We can see, indeed, that there is not always only a divergent process in the real world. Actual path dependency concept develops alternative ideas. It is a broad concept that "history matters". In means that “where we go next depends not only on where we are now, but also upon where we have been" (Liebowitz, Margolis, 2000, p. 981). We are able to correct a historically chosen path and institutions but we are unable to dramatically change them. As Bellaïche meant, "the phenomenon of dependence of history might be ignored for short period of time (10 years, 20 years), but is not negligible for secular comparisons" (Bellaïche, 2010, p. 178). AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  6. On stable institutional structures • Of course the modern society of Great Britain or China is not just a larger replica of the society of several hundred years ago. It is dramatically different in most every aspect of social life. But we can suggest that some institutional structures retain their contents. As Schumpeter wrote about market institution, e.g.: “as far as it goes about market economy, for fundamental theory it makes no difference what kind of market economy it is: a system of primitive exchange between hunters and fishermen or a complex organism that we can see today" (Schumpeter, 1926, s. 74). An institutional matrices theory (Kirdina, 2001; 2012; 2012a) deals with such kind of permanent macro-structures. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  7. Main preconditionsof Institutional Matrices Theory (or X- and Y- Theory) • Each sphere (economy, politics and ideology) is regulated or guided by a particular set of basic institutions made-in-a-society’s image (i.e. reflexively). • Economic, political and ideological institutions represent the “institutional matrix” of human societies and as such can be studied by political economists, economic sociologists and other scholars. • Two main types of institutional matrices can be identified: the X-matrix and the Y-matrix. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  8. X- and Y-matrices Redistributive economy * Redistributive economy with the Center * Market (exchange) mediating economic transactions economy * Centralized political order * Federative political order (top-down model) (bottom-up model) * Communitarian ideology *Individualistic ideology (We over Me) (I over We) X Y Federative political order Individualistic ideology Unitary-centralizedpolitical order Communitarianideology Market economy AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  9. Institutions of X- and Y-matrices in theeconomyand their functions AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  10. Institutions of X- and Y-matrices in politics and their functions AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  11. Institutions of X- and Y-matrices in ideology and their functions AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  12. Combinations of governing and complementary institutional matrices Y Y X X Russia, China, India, Europe and Western most Asian, Middle Eastern, Offshoots: the USA, Latin American as well as Canada, Australia, some other countries and New Zealand AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  13. Why doX- or Y-matrix institutions prevail? • The material and technological environment of a society is a key determinant for the prevalence of either X- or Y- matrices. • The environment can be a communal, indivisible system, under which the removal of some elements can lead to the disintegration of the entire system, OR • The environment can be non-communal, that is, with opportunities for technological division and possibilities for separate individual usage. • In a communal environment the X-matrix institutions are dominant and the Y-matrix institutions are complementary. In a non-communal environment it is the opposite. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  14. Preservation of the leading position of one or the other matrix in the history of nation-states • Historical research shows that the prevalence of one or the other matrices has a steady character. Even if, by virtue of external pressures or under influence of distorted internal reasons, attempts are made to replace one dominant matrix (X- or Y-) with the other subordinant matrix (Y- or X-), such a situation of outright reversal is, as a rule, short-lived (in historical time). For example, attempts at systematic institutional change in Eastern Europe under influence of the USSR or the countries of Latin America under pressure of the USA. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  15. Proportion of GDP produced by countries with a prevailing X- and Y-matrix, 1820-2010 (Maddison Data Base, sample of 34 nations~75% of World GDP) X-matrix countries: China, India, Japan, Brazil and former USSR countries.Y-matrix countries: Western Europe including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom, and Western Offshoots including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  16. Corridor of divergence • Waves of divergence reflect cyclical interdependence between X- and Y-matrix countries. Looking at the above mentioned figure we could assume the existence of ‘a corridor of divergence.’ There are two attractors, namely X- and Y-prevailing matrices’ countries. Such a corridor is designed in a future oriented way and represents an open space for global development between two axes representing the attractors. There are boundaries of ‘a corridor of divergence’: on average, the share of one type countries (with X- or Y-prevailing matrix) couldn’t be less than one third and more two thirds. • Here we understand divergence not in a sense of the increasing distance between the richest people/nations in the world and the very poorest people/nations or between top and bottom incomes. We consider an institutional divergence or varieties of institutions performed people to organize a social and economic life. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  17. Conclusion • It is the theoretical challenge to identify conditions and mechanisms pushing institutional change toward homogenization or divergence. An approach based on the institutional matrices theory (IMT), or X- and Y-theory, in this context helps us to investigate the contours of contemporary global trends and provides a methodology for institutional studies considering the world economy into an interdependent whole. AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

  18. kirdina@bk.ru www.kirdina.ru Thank you for your attention! AFIT, Denver, Colorado, April 10, 2013

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