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Unit 2 – Ecosystems and Population Change

Unit 2 – Ecosystems and Population Change. 3.1 – Individuals, Populations, and Communities in Ecosystems. Learning Objectives. What is an ecosystem? What are populations and communities? How do these fit into ecosystems?. The Parts of an Ecosystem. An ecosystem is made up of many parts.

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Unit 2 – Ecosystems and Population Change

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  1. Unit 2 – Ecosystems and Population Change 3.1 – Individuals, Populations, and Communities in Ecosystems Mr. Standring

  2. Learning Objectives • What is an ecosystem? • What are populations and communities? • How do these fit into ecosystems? Mr. Standring

  3. The Parts of an Ecosystem • An ecosystem is made up of many parts. • Ecosystems can take up many hectares of land or can be small, such as a tide pool or a rotting log. • Abioticfactors include air, water, soil, nutrients, and light. • Biotic factors include plants, animals, and micro-organisms. • A habitat is where an organism lives. The habitat of the red fox often includes the edges of forests or marshlands. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

  4. Ecotones • Ecotones • A transition area between ecosystems Mr. Standring

  5. Abiotic Interactions in Ecosystems • The abiotic components are what allow the biotic components to survive in an ecosystem. • Abiotic factors include: oxygen, water, nutrients light and soil. Mr. Standring See pages 37 - 38

  6. Abiotic factors: Oxygen • Oxygen is produced by the green plants and certain micro-organisms and is used by animals and most other micro-organisms. Mr. Standring

  7. Abiotic factors: Water • Water is necessary for all life. Mr. Standring

  8. Abiotic factors: Nutrients • Nutrients often enter the food chain with plants and are very important for growth. Mr. Standring

  9. Abiotic factors: Light • Light is required for photosynthesis, which is the process in plants that converts and stores the Sun’s energy in the form of starches and carbohydrates. Mr. Standring

  10. Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. Earthworms in soil Mr. Standring

  11. Individual Organisms • How does the environment affect • Behavior? • Physical features (Morphology)? • Helps to explain why some organisms are only present in certain areas Mr. Standring

  12. Populations • Species • Organisms that can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring • Population • A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time Mr. Standring

  13. Communities • Community • All individuals in all of the interacting populations in a given area • Interactions affecting communities: • Competition • Predator/prey relationships • Symbiotic Relationships • Abiotic factors Mr. Standring

  14. Symbiotic relationships • Symbiotic relationships are the interactions between members of two different species that live together in a close association. Mr. Standring

  15. Commensalism • Commensalism – one species benefits, one is not affected • Example: Clownfish living in a sea anemone Mr. Standring

  16. Parasitism • Parasitism – one species benefits, the other is harmed • Example: hookworm living in dogs • A mosquito drinking human blood • A lamprey eel living off a fish Mr. Standring

  17. Mutualism • Mutualism – both species benefit • Example: a bee gathering nectar from a flower • Birds eating parasites off a rhino. Mr. Standring

  18. Niches and Competition • A niche refers to the role an organism has within an ecosystem, physically, chemically and biologically. • Competition occurs when a resource is needed by two or more individuals. • Competition usually means resources are limited. • This limits the size and health of that individual and perhaps that population. Coyotes compete over habitat or food sources. Mr. Standring

  19. Predation • Predation is the relationship between the “eaters” and the “eaten”. • Predators have adaptations to help them catch their prey. • Prey have adaptations to help avoid predators. • Examples of adaptations include spines and shells, camouflage and mimicry. • The numbers of predators and prey influence each other. Mr. Standring

  20. Biodiversity in Ecosystems • Biodiversity refers to the variety and number of different individuals and species in an ecosystem. • Healthy ecosystems generally have high biodiversity. • Most biodiversity losses occur from the loss of habitat. Wetlands provide habitats. Mr. Standring

  21. The impact of Humans on Ecosystems • Humans often have a negative impact on biodiversity. • Many efforts are now made to lessen this impact in order to maintain biodiversity. • Ecological management programs try to balance human progress with maintaining biodiversity. Mr. Standring

  22. Environments Change Over Time • Abiotic factors • Biotic Factors • Populations/Communities • Succession Mr. Standring

  23. Primary Succession Mr. Standring

  24. Earth’s Biosphere • Biosphere • All of the ecosystems and their interactions • Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere • Each species has its own niche in the biosphere • They live in specific places and are well suited to survive in these areas Mr. Standring

  25. The Big Picture Mr. Standring

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