Unit III 1800-1836

1. Unit III1800-1836 Part 1

2. Review • Election of 1800 (The Revolution of 1800) • Campaign centered on taxes from war and Sedition Act • Little change • Tariff went up • Whiskey tax abolished • Naturalization back to 5 years • Amendment 12 • Judiciary Act 1801 & the Midnight Judges • Marbury v Madison 1803: established Judicial Review

3. The Federalists • Had solved every major problem of the Confederation period but will never win another election because they lost the public trust • NOTE: In some states electors were chosen by popular vote rather than being chosen by state legislators

4. Jefferson • VP was Aaron Burr (until election of 1804) • Sec. of State was Madison • Sec. of the Treasury was Al Gallatin • Republicans tried unsuccessfully to impeach federal judges who had imprisoned journalists under the Sedition Act. Especially Chase

5. Jefferson and the Enlightenment • Was a Deist • Well-rounded: inventor, scientist, linguist, agriculturalist, architect • Was Laissez-Faire: Downsize the Government, • Downsize the Army • Dismantle the Navy: could not due to the war with the Barbary Pirates (We needed the Navy in 1812)

6. Jefferson’s Goals • Participation of the common man in government (when he was educated and sufficiently informed) • The eventual end of slavery • Women’s education: the Republican Mother • Payment of debts • No entangling alliances • Saw a largely agricultural U.S. with support from industry

7. Education • Jefferson called for education for all but states not ready to support public schools • Few opportunities for women • Most high schools and universities affiliated with a religious domination • University education available to prosperous MEN • BUT universities no longer just for the ministry

8. Science curriculums • Were offered due to the influence of the Enlightenment • Benjamin Rush founded the first university medical school at University of Pennsylvania in the early 19th Century • Most lawyers still apprenticed and not university trained

9. 1819 Dartmouth College v Woodward Marshall ruled that a charter is a contract and that states may not interfere into a contract Background: Dartmouth College in NH was a private school with a charter The Republican dominated state legislature tried to turn Dartmouth into a public institution Marshall said, “No.” Many who had held back will now be willing to invest In industry. The Dartmouth case was important for corporations

10. Cultural Changes • To this point, the U.S. followed Europe’s lead in terms of the arts • Now: some independence • The Hartford Wits: (Washington Irving, Barlow, Brown) a group of writers from Conn with a unique American style

11. Religion • By 1790 only 10% were attending traditional Churches • Due to the influence of the Enlightenment • Instead “rational” religions: Deism, Unitarianism • Calvinism was just about gone • Salvation through the Grace of God will be replaced with faith and free will

12. The Second Great Awakening • A reaction to the Enlightenment • A religious revivalism to stop the flow of rationalism in religion • Preachers: Dwight (Presbyterian) Cartwright: the circuit-riding preacher Asbury (Methodist) Salvation now available to all Large Camp Meetings (25,000)

13. The Second Great Awakening • Women became more involved in the Churches • Black ministers had their own Great Awakening • Native Americans had Great Awakenings too • Neolin: Delaware Indian Prophet • Handsome Lake: Seneca Tribe

14. Industrial Revolution In England: Textiles biggest industry Steam Power: 1769 Watt’s Improved Steam Engine was a big deal In America: Slow growth due to the influence of Republicans BUT immigrants from England brought the technology Sam Slater brought plans to the spinning mill

15. American Innovations Oliver Evans: Flour Mill, improved steam engine and first engineering text: The Young Millwright’s and Miller’s Guide Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin 1793 Within 10 years cotton production increased eight fold = Slavery more important than ever

16. NOTE As New England continues to industrialize and as the South embraces the cotton gin and slavery two different American societies continue to grow farther and farther apart

17. Transportation By 1793 America had more ships involved in international commerce than anywhere else in the world in proportion to the population. Toll Roads beginning in 1792 Steam Ships by 1815 (Fulton’s Clermont) Canals by 1825 (Erie Canal in NY built by 1825) Railroads hot stuff by 1850’s (began by 1828)

18. The Cumberland Roadaka National Road From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Va. Proposed by Gallatin Approved by Republican Congress and Jefferson Cost (federal $) $ 20 million so not built until later…1811-1818 NOTE: No provision in the Constitution for use of federal funds for internal improvements

19. NOTE Under Jefferson, the Republican Congress was willing to vote to federally funded roads because farmers (Western Republicans) needed this help Federalists in New England wanted federally funded roads as well to get to raw materials (cotton and wool) faster and to get their finished goods to market faster. Southerners (Republicans) did not need roads as they had E & W navigable rivers. Also, they were afraid that the tariff might go higher to fund improvements.

20. Foreign Affairs under Jefferson War with Tripoli (the Barbary Pirates!) 1801 Pirates cut down American flagpole at U.S. Consulate in Tripoli and threw camel dung at it signaling they wanted to raise the cost of the tribute Pirates captured The Philadelphia and crew (307) Pirates wanted $3 million in ransom Admiral Preble with The Constitution bombed the snot out of Derna, Tripoli’s major port As bombing continued, ransom demand decreased

21. War with the Barbary Pirates Stephen Decatur great American naval hero. Captured two pirate ships and set The Philadelphia afire so that it couldn’t be used against us 1805 peace settlement. U.S. paid $60,000 in ransom Madison will finish off the pirates in his term

22. The Barbary War The war with the Barbary pirates was important because: It saved the navy from being abolished. We will need a navy for the War of 1812 Also: it revealed the power of the President in an undeclared war

23. The Louisiana Purchase The Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800: Spain secretly gave the Louisiana Territory to France (Napoleon) Spain believed the land only valuable as a buffer between the U.S. and Mexico Jefferson worried about having a new aggressive neighbor…what about the Right of Deposit? NOTE: Jefferson’s CHIEF concern was western trade

24. Louisiana Purchase Jefferson sent two diplomats: Livingston and Monroe to France to make Napoleon an offer: $10 million for New Orleans and Florida Florida was Spanish but we figured Napoleon could bully Spain into letting us have it.

25. Louisiana Purchase Napoleon was short on $ He was having trouble re-enslaving population in Haiti Napoleon’s counter offer: $15 million for entire Louisiana Territory! Also, inhabitants to become U.S. Citizens Monroe and Livingston not authorized for more BUT

26. Louisiana Purchase It was a sweet deal! Too good to pass up… The Treaty was brought to Jefferson Issues: Only congress has the power to naturalize citizens…not the President Also…there is nothing in the Constitution that says a President may acquire land this way (or any other way)

27. Jefferson’s Quandary Jefferson still considered himself to be a strict constructionist (the federal government can only do what is spelled out in black and white in the Constitution) Jefferson would have liked for congress to amend the Constitution so that it WOULD be in black and white BUT there was no time! Napoleon might change his mind! He was not a patient man! What to do?

28. Jefferson signed the treaty • Although it did go against his principles • Hamilton urged him to do it for the good of the country • Other Federalists not so happy. (later) • The treaty DID increase the security of the U.S. • It was certainly strategically located. • Boundaries were unclear

29. 1804 Election Republicans: Jefferson (162) Federalists: Pinckney (14) Jefferson dropped Burr from the ticket. New VP was Clinton

30. Exploratory Expeditions1804-1806 • Louis and Clark were supposed to: • Find the source of the Mississippi River • Find a route across the Rockies to the Pacific • Observe the customs of the Indians

31. Explorations Zebulon Pike was supposed to find the source of the Mississippi Claimed that the area between the Mississippi and the Rockies was unfit for human habitation Same opinion of Stephen Long, an explorer in the 1820’s Jefferson: A perfect spot for the Indians! All kinds of Indian removals will be sanctioned beginning at this point.

32. Internal Dissension The New England Federalists were a minority in Congress Were not happy with the Louisiana Purchase (although Hamilton supported it) They knew that as states entered from the West, they would be Republican states And that Federalist power would continue to diminish over time Claimed the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional based on strict construction!

33. Essex Junto New England Federalists formed Essex Junto in 1804 They schemed to form a confederacy of New England states and leave the union They knew that they would need New York if they were going to make it A gubernatorial election in NY was at hand

34. The Essex Junto They planned to recruit Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY (but he was a republican!) Proposal: if Burr would agree to become a Federalist and run for governor of NY and win, then he would be President of the new confederation Burr was power hungry and agreed to the plan

35. Earlier The Essex Junto had offered the same proposal to Hamilton Hamilton turned them down But now…Hamilton knew about the conspiracy. Hamilton exposed the plan and blasted Burr whenever he could Burr lost the election and the Essex Junto fell apart

36. Aaron Burr His father was the second President of Princeton (then, College of New Jersey) Burr’s mother was the daughter of Jonathan Edwards Burr was an officer in the American Rev. and served with distinction under Benedict Arnold Burr saved his regiment at the Battle of Long Island Burr served at Valley Forge with distinction As President of the Senate: “His fair and judicious manner was recognized even by his bitterest enemies…he helped to foster tradition in regard to that position…generous to a fault..devoted to family”

37. Hamilton hated Burr Hamilton continued to insult Burr in public and in the press even after the failed New York election. In the end, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel So Hamilton got to choose the weapons Although Hamilton had a fine set of his own dueling pistols, he chose to use a set owned by his brother-in-law, Church

38. Why did Hamilton hate Burr so much? Burr was an attorney. One of his clients was the Manhattan Co. which had been given a contract by New York State to provide clean drinking water. The Charter included a provision allowing the company to establish a financial institution…a bank (later the Chase Manhattan Bank) This bank would be competition for Hamilton’s BUS!

39. The Duel Dueling was illegal but Burr had little choice. He was baited and insulted publically Hamilton had mentioned Burr’s “despicable character” in an editorial in the Albany Register Hamilton brought down the gun and it fired high into the trees Burr shot Hamilton in the liver Hamilton, before he died, said, “I never meant to fire.” Burr took off (he was still VP)

40. Burr was vilified by the history books, Jefferson, everyone BUT in the 1970’s the Smithsonian asked Burr’s great-great granddaughter for permission to examine the pistols which were in the vault of the Chase Manhattan bank The Smithsonian discovered that the pistols had been modified with a hair trigger mechanism Hamilton knew it, Burr and most others did not That’s why Hamilton chose these pistols!

41. The Duel Normally, pistols had a 10-12 pound pull (a lot for an index finger) These pistols were modified with a hair trigger Hamilton must have been nervous and the gun went off too soon Church had killed a man in England earlier with the pistols Hamilton’s son had used these pistols earlier but died in his duel much like his father did!

42. Burr’s conspiracy in the West • Burr was indicted for murder but ran away West • He conspired with others: A Spanish minister, an English minister, the Governor of Louisiana Territory, Wilkinson, and others to: • Conquer Mexico • Have Western States and Louisiana territory succeed from the union • Form another country with Burr as king!

43. Jefferson’s Reaction Jefferson offered blanket pardons to anyone who would turn states evidence against Burr Used federal Marshalls and federal funds to find witnesses against Burr (found 140) Burr’s whereabouts …the worst kept secret of the day Wilkinson was a turncoat. Sent frequent missives to Jefferson regarding Burr’s actions and movements

44. Burr was brought to trial for treason Marshall was the judge Marshall loved to bait Jefferson Marshall openly sided with Burr Disallowed many witnesses To be guilty of treason…one must have two witnesses to the same act Marshall disallowed supporting witnesses so Burr was acquitted

45. The End of Burr Burr went to France and tried to convince Napoleon to conquer Canada and let Burr rule it Napoleon was not interested Burr returned home, changed his name, practiced law in New York and died.