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Unit III 1800-1832

Unit III 1800-1832. Part 3. Forces Holding the Union Together. No Foreign Entanglements Common Language and Institutions Unified Geography Nationalism from War of 1812 Rapid Westward Expansion Economic unity: New England found markets and raw materials in the U.S. Economic Nationalism.

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Unit III 1800-1832

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  1. Unit III1800-1832 Part 3

  2. Forces Holding the Union Together No Foreign Entanglements Common Language and Institutions Unified Geography Nationalism from War of 1812 Rapid Westward Expansion Economic unity: New England found markets and raw materials in the U.S.

  3. Economic Nationalism Two big economic nationalists: Clay Calhoun

  4. The BUS • The charter of the first BUS ran out in 1811 and was not renewed • Resulting problems: • State banks were inconsistent • Often lacked capital • Many were shady

  5. A Second BUS Was chartered by Congress in 1816 A 20-year charter Was much like the first BUS but this one had more capital $1 million was spent on the charter 20% owned by the federal government 80% owned by private individuals

  6. The Second BUS Madison signed the BUS into law in 1816 and it was approved by a Republican congress What does this say about constructionism?

  7. The Bonus Bill Calhoun (SC) suggested that the money gained from the charter of the Second BUS be used for federal transportation projects Almost everyone in the United States agreed that what the U.S needed was internal improvements

  8. BUT Madison vetoed the Bonus Bill He said he did not think it was constitutional and asked Congress to amend the Constitution so that spending federal funds on internal improvements WOULD be legal! Congress just waited until Monroe was elected and went ahead…

  9. Consider… With respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?

  10. First Paragraph… Background: Discuss the original argument regarding constructionism during the Washington Administration. Thesis: Answer the question…ALL of it in your own words and include the time period. THEN tell what issues you will discuss to prove your thesis.

  11. Body Paragraphs One paragraph per issue that you mentioned in the last sentence of your first paragraph Try to give equal time to EACH party. A conclusion if you have time.

  12. Organize Your Thoughts 1801-----------------1809 1809-----------------1817 ( Jefferson) (Madison) ____________________________________________ Republicans: Cumberland Road Second BUS Louisiana Purchase Bonus Bill ____________________________________________ Federalists: Louisiana Purchase (War of 1812) (Essex Junto) Hartford Convention (Embargo Act, etc)

  13. The Tariff During the war Americans could not buy British products so we ended up making our own Also, it was the only thing Americans could invest during the war as farm prices were falling and shipping was virtually non-existent

  14. The Tariff of 1816 Was a 20% duty on the value of the goods The Vote: New England 17-10 For Middle States 44-10 For The West 4-0 For The South 23-34 Against

  15. Election of 1816 • One Party Democratic Republicans • Monroe 183 v Rufus King 34 • John Quincy Adams…Sec. of State • John C. Calhoun….Sec of War • Monroe will be reelected in 1820 with only one opposing vote

  16. The Era of Good Feelings • Political differences seemed to disappear • Much nationalistic legislation (internal improvements) • Cumberland Road completed in 1818 • When Ohio entered the union (1803) money from the land sales was dedicated to road building

  17. Internal Improvements • 1790-1820 The Turnpike Era • Pennsylvania: The Lancaster Pike • Steamboats: Fulton’s Clermont (1807) on the Hudson River • By 1850 there were 800 steamboats on the Mississippi • Some problems: lasted only 3-6 years…bursting boilers, fires, sandbars, ice, etc.

  18. The Erie Canal • The greatest engineering feat in the Western Hemisphere • Built by NY 1817-1825 • From Albany to Buffalo • Lowered the cost of shipping a ton of goods from $100 to $8 • Canal building craze in Ohio and Penn • Linked the Northeast with the Northwest

  19. Railroads • Began in 1828 with the Baltimore and Ohio line • Was completed in 1852 • The BIG RR building in the 1850’s • Most work done by Chinese • Most big lines completed 1869 but did continue

  20. Nationalism and John Marshall • Cases expanded the authority of the Court • Cases expanded the authority of Congress • Cases weakened the power of the States • Clearly…Marshall was still a Federalist • He favored a strong central government

  21. Expansion of the Powers of the Court • Marbury v Madison (1803)…Judicial Review • U.S. v Peters (1809)…established the Court’s authority over STATE LEGISLATURES • Martin v Hunters Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court’s right to overrule a state court • Cohens v Virginia (1821) Again Court’s authority over state courts

  22. Cases expanding the powers of Congress • McCulloch v Maryland (1819) Federal agencies cannot be taxed by states • Gibbons v Ogden (1824) only the federal government has control of interstate commerce

  23. Cases weakening the States • Fletcher v Peck (1810) state laws are invalid if in conflict with the Constitution • Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) contracts cannot be impaired by states • Martin v Mott (1827) a state may not withhold its militia from military service

  24. Marshall and the Indians • Although it LOOKED like Marshall was intent on defending the Indians, all three of these cases either expanded the power of the Federal government OR weakened the powers of the states

  25. Marshall and the Indians • Johnson v McIntosh (1823) established that only the federal government could take or buy Indian land • Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) Indians had a “special relationship” with the Federal Government and COULD sue states in Federal Courts (Amendment 11: a citizen may not sue states in federal courts)

  26. Worchester v Georgia 1832 • Indians were NOT subject to state laws

  27. Foreign Affairs • Treaties were needed with England and Spain to resolve border issues • John Quincy Adams (Sec of State) will take the lead: • The Rush –Bagot Agreement (1817) • The Convention of 1818 • The Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

  28. The Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817 • The first example of mutual naval disarmament in history • The U. S. and Britain were each limited to ONE 100-ton (first class) ship on Lake Champlain, the same on Lake Ontario and TWO each for the rest of the Great Lakes • Also demilitarized the border (BUT border not set)

  29. Convention of 1818 • Established the 49th // (parallel) as the boundary between the U.S. Louisiana Purchase and Canada • NOTE: It did not include the area between Lake-in-the-Woods and Lake Superior • Did not extend to the Pacific…only to the Rockies

  30. Spain • Friction with the U.S. over Florida and the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase • In 1818 the Andrew Jackson and troops seized St. Mark’s and Pensacola in Florida • Jackson also executed two British officers there for inciting the natives

  31. International Incident! • Big protests from Spain and Britain • Jackson claimed that he had Monroe’s approval • Monroe denied this • It was up to J.Q. Adams to fix it

  32. Bad Blood • Adams apologized to the Brits and tried to sooth the Spanish by suggesting a treaty • Jackson was furious with how Adams handled it and will never get over Monroe’s lack of support or Adam’s apology to Spain and Britain

  33. The Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 • The U.S. got Florida and paid $5 million in claims of U.S. citizens against Spain • Also set the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific • U.S. gave up claims to Texas • Spain gave up claims to Oregon • Was also called the Transcontinental Treaty

  34. The Monroe Doctrine • Several South American nations fought for and won independence from Spain • The U.S. and Britain had trade relationship with these weak newly-independent countries • These new nations were threatened by the Quadruple Alliance

  35. The Quadruple Alliance • Russia, Prussia, Austria, France • Claimed the right to intervene into the affairs of other countries to make the world safe for monarchy and suppress liberal revolutions • The U.S. and Britain were worried about the trade that they had with the South American countries

  36. The British • Wanted to issue a joint statement warning the Quadruple Alliance to stay away • BUT the U.S. did not want increased British presence in the Western Hemisphere so we issued our own statement: The Monroe Doctrine

  37. The Monroe Doctrine • Hands off South American Republics (warning to Quadruple Alliance) • No new colonization in the Western Hemisphere (warning to Russia due to presence in Oregon) • Existing European colonies in Western Hemisphere were in no danger from the United States • The U.S. would not intervene in purely European affairs (like the Greek Revolution)

  38. Economic Nationalism The Quadruple Alliance feared Britain…not the U.S. so they stayed away Although the U.S. DID protect the South American republics, we were concerned about our trade

  39. Economic problems • 1/3 of all land in the West was bought on credit • The Europeans bought a great deal from U.S. farmers • Farmers bought as much land as they could (much on credit) • Then the Napoleonic Wars ended (1815) • No more exports, farm prices dropped and NO BUS

  40. When the 2nd BUS was chartered • They began to regulate other banks once again • Some were shady, insolvent, had to close • BUS tightened credit, called in loans • = bank failures and misery • Many farmers lost everything • Many people blamed their economic problems on the BUS…not the shady banks

  41. The Land Act of 1820 • Abolished buying land on credit and lowered the price of land to $1.25 an acre…minimum purchase 80 acres • Relief Act: allowed farmers to turn unpaid for land back in to government

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