The English tense system

1. Lecture 1 The English tense system Dr. Ali Al-Balhawi Adopted from Assistant lecturer : Ahmed Najm Abed

2. Simple Present Tense How do we make the simple present tense ? subject + auxiliary verb +main verb e.g. I do . e.g. I sing .

3. Simple Present Tense is used: • When you are referring to habitual actions--actions that you always or never do • When you are referring to unchanging truths • When you are making general statements of fact

4. Examples • (habit) He always comes late to class. • (unchanging truth) The sun rises in the east. • (general statement of fact) They are friendly. simple present tense

5. Indicators simple present tense

6. Form simple present tense

7. Simple Past Tense How do we make the Simple Past Tense? To make the simple past tense, we use: Past form only or Auxiliary did + base form .

8. The Simple Past Tense is Used: • When an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past--in other words, when an activity or situation is completed in the past • To refer to past habits

9. Examples • (Completed action in the past) He was late to class yesterday. • (Completed action in the past) We arrived three weeks ago. • (Past habit) She always wrote a letter to her mother on Sunday night. Simple Past Tense

10. Indicators Simple Past Tense

11. Form Simple Past Tense

12. The Present Perfect The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. How do we make the Past Perfect Tense? subject + HAVE /HAS + V- in past participle . e.g. I have finished my work . We have bought our house in 2017 .

13. The Present Perfect is Used: • When an activity happened at an unspecified time in the past (before the present) • When an activity has been repeated several times before now • When an activity was very recently completed before now • When an activity is not completed in the past

14. Examples • (unspecified time before now) They have already seen that movie. • (repeated activity before now) We have visited New York City many times. • (an action has recently been completed before now) I have just eaten. • (action not completed in the past) I have studied Spanish for many years. Present Perfect Tense

15. Indicators Present Perfect Tense

16. Form 1have or has + past participle Present Perfect Tense

17. Form 2 Present Perfect Tense

18. The Present Progressive Tense How do we make the Present Continuous Tense? subject + auxiliary verb +main verb …… e.g. I am speaking to you . e.g. I am taking my exam next month . We use the present continuous tense to talk about: 1- action happening now….. 2- action in the future ……..

19. The Present Progressive Tense is Used: • When an activity is in progress now at the moment of speaking • When an activity began before now and continues into the future without stopping. • When an activity is temporary. • When an activity is developing and changing.

20. Examples • I’m explaining something to the class right now. • He’s taking 16 credits this semester. • She is understanding English more and more because she moved into the dorm. Present Progressive Tense

21. Indicators Present Progressive Tense

22. Form Present Progressive Tense

23. Future Tense

24. The Future Tense is Used: • To indicate that an activity or event will take place at a time in the future . • predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen) .

25. Examples • When I’m retired, I’m going to travel. • Next week, we will work on punctuation. • He is going to get his car fixed tomorrow. • Our plane departs at noon next Friday. Future

26. Indicators Future

27. Form 1 Future

28. Form 2 Future

29. Form 3 Future Tense

30. Other English Verb Tenses These tenses are combinations of the tenses we have just reviewed

31. Past Perfect • This tense is not used a lot. It can often be used interchangeably with the simple past because these tenses do not differ much in meaning. The past perfect tense refers to activities that happened before a specific time in the past.it expresses an action in the past before another action in the past . • When we arrived, the train had left . • Example, He had visited her many times before she died. • Form: had + past participle

32. Past Progressive • This tense is used to refer to activities continuously in progress around a time in the past. • Example: They were eating when the taxi arrived. • Form: was or were + verbing

33. Past Perfect Progressive • This tense is used when an activity was continuously in progress before a specific time in the past. • Example: I had been thinking about her before she called. • Form: had + been + verbing

34. Present Perfect Progressive • This tense is used to describe actions that have been continuously in progress before now. These actions are not completed. • Example: I have been waiting here for the last two hours. • Form: have or has + been + verbing

35. Future Perfect • The future perfect expresses the idea that an activity will occur before some future time. • Example: She will have finished dinner before the game starts. • Form: will + have + past participle

36. Future Progressive Tense • This tense is used to refer to activities that will be continuously in progress around some future time. • Example: We will be flying over New York at noon tomorrow. • Form: will + be + verbing

37. Future Perfect Progressive • This tense is used to refer to activities that will be continuously in progress before a future time. • Example: He will have been working for 3 hours before you arrive. • Form: will + have + been + verbing

38. Overview of the English Verb Tense/Aspect System

39. Thank you

40. Lecture 2 Types of sentences In English GrammarAssistant Lecturer : Ahmed Najm Abed University of Kufa , Faculty of Education / Department of English .

41. Sentence In English grammar, a sentence is a group of words which make a complete sense . The sentences by form are of four types. Simple Compound Complex Compound –complex

42. Simple Sentence • A simple sentence contains a subject and verb. • It expresses a single complete thought. • A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

43. Sample Simple Sentences • Peter went to the store. • The music is too loud for my ears. • Sarah and Peter are going swimming. • The pizza smells delicious.

44. Compound Sentences • A compound sentence contains two independent clauses. • Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, and yet, so) join these independent clauses. • The conjunction can impact the meaning of the sentence.

46. Sample Compound Sentences • My husband was working, so I went shopping . • I like chocolate ice cream but don't have it very often . • They wanted to go to Italy, for they wanted to see Venice . • I am on a diet yet still want a cookie . • She is a good administrator, and everybody knows that.

47. Complex Sentences • A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. • A subordinating conjunction begins the dependent clauses. • A dependent clause that begins a sentence must be followed by comma. • A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.

48. Subordinating Conjunctions After how Until Although if Unless As in as much   as if in order that When as long as At least Whenever as much as now that whereas soon wherever as though Since While because so that Before even if That even though though

49. Sample Complex Sentences • Everybody knows that she is a good administrator . • I am glad that you are joining our company. • Stay in the bath until the phone rings. • Leave while you can . • The human brain never stops working until you stand up to speak in public.

50. Compound-Complex Sentences • A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. • The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction (until, when, while, because ) or a relative pronoun (that, which , who ) .