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Global Climates

Explore the short-term conditions of today's atmosphere and the long-term climate trends. Learn about the Koppen-Geiger climate classification system and the diverse climate groups worldwide. Discover ecosystems, weather cycles, and geographic influences on climate.

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Global Climates

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  1. Global Climates

  2. Weather: short-term condition of the atmosphere • Climate: long-term conditions of the atmosphere, including averages and extremes

  3. Kőppen-Geiger system of climate classification • 1928 • Pages 222-225

  4. 3 general climate groups 1. Low latitude (Table 7.3) • High temperatures • Consistently long days, high solar angle • Low latitudes (20°N – 20°S) • ITCZ

  5. 1. Wet equatorial • Wet, Hot • High ppt all months; little temperature variation • ITCZ dominates • Tropical Rain forest vegetation

  6. 2. Monsoon and trade-wind coastal • North and south of wet equatorial • Windward coasts in tropics • Wet and dry seasons • 1-3 months < 2.5 inches rain • Wet when ITCZ dominates • Dry when ITCZ leaves; High pressure

  7. 3. Wet-Dry Tropical • surrounds 1, 2 on map • 3-6 months < 2.5 inches • hot dry winter; hot wet summer • semiarid to arid

  8. Savanna vegetation

  9. 4. Dry Tropical • Low ppt.; high daily range in temperature

  10. 3 general climate groups 2. Mid-latitude Climates (Table 7.4) • Range from dry to moist • Mild winters • Midlatitudes • Most in Northern hemisphere • Seasonality • Shifting air masses (mT,mP,cP); High and Low pressure centers

  11. 1. Dry subtropical • Cool/cold season • Low ppt all months • Dominated by cT

  12. 2. Moist Subtropical • Winters above freezing • High temp range • Abundant rain from mT

  13. 3. Mediterranean • hot / warm summer • west side of continents • Wet, mild winter • dry summer

  14. 4. Marine west-coast • Poleward of Mediterranean climate zone • precipitation all months; winter max (mP) • small temp. range (moderated by proximity to ocean) • humid

  15. 5. Dry midlatitude • Very large range in temp • Low ppt with Summer max

  16. 6. Moist continental

  17. Warm summers, cold winters (3 mos. < freezing) • Large temp. range (continental) • Plenty of ppt (summer max) • Polar front zone (cP and mT)

  18. 3 general climate groups 3. High-latitude Climates (Table 7.5) • northern hemisphere (except for ice sheet) • frequent midlatitude cyclones • low temps and low ppt.

  19. 1. Boreal Forest Climate • Cool, short summer • Long, severely cold winters • 6-7 mos. < 32oF • high annual temp. range • dry

  20. 2. Tundra • predominantly N. Hemisphere • long periods of light and dark • short summer (<40oF) • dry • treeless

  21. 3. Ice Sheet • Poleward of 32o F isotherm • every month < 32o F • glacial ice • extremely dry

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