Climates

2. Climates

3. In 20 years, Canada will have a negative population growth. The country will also have large numbers of older people because Canada has a good health care system. The US has a stable growth which makes it easy to plan. In 20 years the US will have a population pyramid that looks very much like the example of a stationary pyramid (stage 3)

4. Issues: Trade deficit (buy more than you sell) Canada $885 Million US $43.5 Billion • Urban Sprawl (spreading out of the city including suburbs) • Los Angeles • Houston • Toronto • Terrorism – War on terror

5. Urban Societies US Canada

6. Standard of Living US and Canada are both in the very high HDI category. Canada has been ranked in the top 5 for HDI for past decade. $47,200 US average per capita income $39,400 Canada average per capita income

7. Language Predominant language – English. Quebec, Canada – French (bilingual province) New Mexico, USA – Spanish (bilingual state)

8. Ethnicity US Canada

9. Religion • Predominant religion – Christianity • Both nations have religious freedom • Separation of church and state (no official religion) US Canada

10. Government • Governments – democracies • US – three branches – legislature (Congress), executive (President), and judicial (Courts) • Canada – three branches – legislature (parliament), executive (crown – Queen Elizabeth II), and Judicial (courts)

11. Economic System • Economics – free enterprise • Usually classified as free-enterprise / capitalist because individuals can own property and make profits. • Government does set minimum wages, environmental protections, worker’s rights, quotas, tariffs, etc.

12. Economic Activity Predominant economic activities – tertiary Small amount of workers in farming, but with technology have large yields. Growth is in service (tertiary) industry (largest sector). Secondary (manufacturing) production is being outsourced to other nations where salaries are lower. agriculture: 1.2% industry: 22.2% services: 76.6% agriculture: 2.2% industry: 26.3% services: 71.5% Canada US

13. Education Literacy Rate 99% Literacy Rate 99% Canada US

14. Abundance of natural resources & good geographic location • natural resources:iron ore, gold, lead, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower, uranium (and more)

15. Transportation systems Horse drawn wagon gave way to railroad – cities located at rail head. Automobile and abundance of cheap fuel made mobility easy. Less reliance on water and transportation for post-industrial economy • Cities located along rivers at fall line - Piedmont

16. Dams TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority - 1933 to provide flood control, electricity, and economic development. Makes around $12 billion dollars annually. Hoover Dam – finished in 1936. On the Colorado River – supplies water to thirsty Nevada and California.

17. Canals Used extensively in both the US and Canada to connect river systems or to provide river transportation for larger ships. Erie Canal – opened 1825 Houston Ship Channel – 1914 St. Lawrence Seaway – opened 1959

18. Railroads Baltimore and Ohio in 1830 was first in US First transcontinental RR US met at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869 Canada met at Craigellachie, British Columbia in 1885 Extensive rail system still in use in both US and Canada today. Cheaper than air freight to ship large objects.

19. Communication • Advanced telecommunications. • Satellites • Cell phones • Internet usage – very high

21. Nationalism • Some people in Quebec would like to be independent of Canada, but that has not passed.

22. Sports – US: American football, baseball, hockey & basketball Canada: Hockey and other winter sports Art – US is one of the fashion capitals of the world. Hollywood – major film industry major art museums and world renowned artists. Culture – Breakdown of the nuclear family. High divorce rates West & East coast of both countries generally are more liberal than the south and central regions. Architecture – skyscrapers, urban landscapes, suburbs, Capital cities are influenced from Greek and Roman architecture. Areas controlled by Spain have influence from Spanish culture. IN Arts – both the US & Canada have very famous artists in all fields of art.

25. Governments • The majority of Latin American countries are democracies. • Rule of very strong leaders – caudillos – is not uncommon. • Castro in Cuba is a dictatorship (Communist) • Chavez in Venezuela just died. Government transition has been shaky.

26. Standard of Living Mexico & Brazil are NICs • Increased social freedoms and civil rights • Strong political leaders. • A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector. • An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world • Large national corporations operating in several continents. • Strong capital investment from foreign countries. • Political leadership in their area of influence. • Rapid growth of urban centers and population. The other countries in Lain America are in the medium to high HDI category (right in the middle between low and VERY high). Bolivia and Paraguay are more poor because they are landlocked. Haiti is the poorest country in the Americas because of political and natural disasters.

27. Economics • The majority of the countries in Latin America are somewhere between Socialism and Free-market. • Cuba is communist • Venezuela is between socialist and communist. • Economically this region is improving with foreign investment, but much of the wealth leaves the region.

28. Mestizo – mix Euorpean and indigenous people Mulatto – mix European and Black people Middle America – most people are Mestizo. Caribbean – Mulatto & Black Andes – more Native Americans East & South – more white North - more East Asian

29. Nationalism • Many small nationalist movements, but nothing that has made international news. • French Guiana vote for independence from France was defeated.

30. Poverty Gap 30% of people lack land, adequate food, shelter, and basic education. The elite have affluence and wealth. In some countries up to 85% of the land and wealth belongs to only 1% of the citizens. What Latin America needs for success: Free enterprise – everyone has the ability to make a living. Democracy – outlet for protest and opposition Education – the best way to improve the lives of citizens.

31. 1994 – NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement. Allows goods and services to cross borders without paying tariffs. Includes Canada, US, and Mexico.

32. Debt for Nature swap Many Latin American nations are burdened by tremendous international debt. They borrowed money to improve living conditions (infrastructure). Environmental agencies and organizations are paying off some of the debts in return the governments must set aside rainforest land.

33. TODAY Latin American countries rely on cash crops – need more skilled labor, money, and natural resources. Urbanization is occurring in Latin America very rapidly. People are moving to urban areas to find jobs, but not always available. Many Latin American industries are owned by foreign companies. Deforestation of the rainforest is of international concern. Some US companies have begun buying parcels of land for reforestation and conservation projects.

34. Primate City Very large city that dominates the country. Governments favor the large city where most of the citizens are located. Shantytown – squatter settlement (slum) illegal or unauthorized housing area on the outskirts of large cities. No proper sanitation, electricity, or telephone – very poor areas. 20% of Latin American population live in slums.

35. Transportation Railroad and roads difficult because of cost to build – rugged terrain (rainforest, desert, and mountains) Pan-American Highway stretches from Northern Mexico to Southern Chile connecting more than a dozen capitals.

37. Communications Main forms – radio, TV, and newspaper Cell phones and internet are having a huge impact because the infrastructure not as expensive. Mountains and rainforest make communication more difficult.

38. Languages Majority of countries speak a form of Spanish because they were colonized by Spain. Exceptions are Brazil – Portuguese, Belize – English, Jamaica – English, and Haiti – French. These areas were colonized by the respective countries.

39. Religion Major religion is Roman Catholic except British areas of Belize and Jamaica Church championed concerns of poor and oppressed Syncretism – blend of beliefs from more than one faith into one faith (Roman Catholic and West African beliefs) Brazil – Condomble Cuba – Santeria Haiti & Dominican Republic - Voodoo

40. Art Murals – wall paintings Mosaics – small bits of colored stone, tile, or shell into mortar to make pictures Some famous painters – Diego Rivera - murals Frida Kahlo – self portraits Fernando Botero – satire about rich and aristocrats

41. Music Native American, African and European mixed rhythms Calypso Reggae Samba Salsa Mariachi

42. Lifestyles Extended family is very important Uncles, aunts, cousins, parents, grandparents all watch out for the children and often live together in the one household Compadres – God Parents watch out for children. Guide them in future. Machismo – male dominated society

43. Sports and Recreation Futbol is the number one sport (soccer) Jai alai – like handball - played with a basket attached to the wrist (Native Americans invented it) Carnival – Celebration the week before Lent (40 days of fasting and dedication to God) in the Roman Catholic Church. Largest in the world is in Rio de Janeiro.

44. Architecture • Heavily influenced by the Spanish & Portuguese. • Modern cities • Courtyard and arches brought from Spain (influenced by Arabs)

45. Europe & RUssia

46. Climates

48. European Economic Crisis A world wide recession has left countries struggling. Greece bailed out by EU. Germany and other countries in the EU that are doing better do not want to bail out more nations such as Spain and Italy that are on the verge of economic collapse. Countries in trouble (PIIGS): Portugal Ireland Italy Greece Spain

49. Acid rain – high levels of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide eats away at buildings and trees. Does not stop at borders of countries.

50. Russian steel mill Air pollution is a serious problem. The former Soviet Republics and Eastern European nations do not have the environmental controls that we have in the US