Psychology Power Point Notes

1. Psychology Power Point Notes PSY 101 Mr. Fetzner 8.1 Intro to Memory & Encoding Text pages 281-291

2. NLshop/ Fotolia.com Table of Contents What is Memory? Memory Processes The Three-Stage Model of Memory The Retention Curve Deep Processing 4 8 9 15 21

3. The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on memory. true false Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes effort. Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the first items in the list most quickly and accurately. false true Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. true We are more likely to remember the word “fire” than the word “process.” Fact or Falsehood?

4. What is Memory? Which of the following does the memory system in the brain most closely resemble? • The answer is • NONE OF THESE! Computer Digital video camera because memories are always changing, recorded in parallel rather than in a linear narrative. Journal Camera: iStockphoto/ Thinkstock; Computer: Jupiterimages/ Thinkstock; Journal: iStockphoto/ Thinkstock

5. What is Memory? • Learning that has persisted over time • Information that has been stored over time • Information that can be retrieved over time Dynamic Graphics/ Thinkstock

6. Encoding Retrieval Storage • Getting information into memory • Recalling or using previously encoded and stored information • Retaining information in memory Memory Processes

7. Unconscious processing Attention to important or novel information Sensory input Encoding Retrieving Encoding The Three-Stage Model of Memory • Sensory input from the environment is recorded as fleeting sensory memory. • Information is processed in short-term memory. • Information is encoded into long-term memory for later retrieval.

8. Working Memory (Short-term Memory) Where could you move next? • Active processing of information • Associates new and old information • Solves problems Thinkstock

9. Why was that so hard? What is wrong with your memory? Did you forget? • You did not ENCODE the information. • Which one of these pennies is the real thing?

10. Where did the encoding of the penny design fail to take place? Unconscious processing Attention to important or novel information Sensory input Encoding Retrieving Encoding

11. Processing How information gets encoded into memory • Automatic processing is the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned information. • Effortful processing is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (i.e., rehearsal Man eating spaghetti: BananaStock / Alamy; Girl studying: Hemera/ Thinkstock

12. If we are going to do effortful processing to encode information, what strategies work best? HermannEbbinghaus had an answer: Try repetition Bettmann/Corbis

13. Hermann Ebbinghaus and The Retention (Forgetting) Curve • Ebbinghaus studied his own verbal memory. • He tried to learn (memorize) a list of nonsense syllables. • The more times he rehearsed the list on day one, the less time it took to memorize the list on day two.

14. What can we learn from Ebbinghaus’ experiment? Bettmann/Corbis We retain more when our learning involves more time and repetition. This result applies to learning completely novel and meaningless information. Would this result generalize to meaningful information? Ebbinghaus estimated that learning meaningful information would take 1/10th the effort.

15. Hemera/ Thinkstock Spacing Effect • Information is retained better when rehearsal is distributed over time. • Distributed study produces better long term recall. • Massed practice (doing your studying on one day) produces speedy short term-learning but poorer long-term recall.

16. Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!And where is that band who so vauntingly sworeThat the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,A home and a country should leave us no more!Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.No refuge could save the hireling and slaveFrom the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall standBetween their loved home and the war's desolation!Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued landPraise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! The Serial Position Effect AP Photo/Mark Baker What words can you recall from the American National Anthem? The tendency to remember the first and the last items in a list

17. Recency Effect • Is there evidence of the serial position effect on this graph? • Immediately after a list of words is read or seen, people recall the last items in a list better. • Possible explanation: The last items may be held in short-term memory.

18. Primacy Effect • When exposure to a list is followed by a long delay, people recall the first items on a list better. • Possible explanation: The attention is on the first items, and short-term memory is not helping.

19. Strategy for successful encoding: Deep Processing • Semantic judgment, or thinking about a word’s meaning, allows for deeper processing and best memory. • Rhyme judgment, or attending to the word’s sound, results in shallow processing. • Visual judgment, or attending to how the word looks (shallow processing), yields the lowest remembering.

20. Try to remember (encode and later recall) the following words: • Which words did you recall? • Did you recall the words that were easier to visualize? piano, process, cigar, inherent, vague, fire, pencil What about: process, inherent, vague, and seem? Visual Encoding

21. Chunking UZR TPQ ABM LDR ENW UZRTPQABMLDRENW Mnemonic Memory aid that uses vivid imagery One is a bun. Two is a shoe. Three is a tree. Four is a door. Five is a hive. Six is sticks. Seven is heaven. Eight is a gate. Nine is a swine. Ten is a hen.

22. Hierarchies • A few broad concepts divided into smaller concepts and facts • Subdivided into even narrower concepts and facts • Hierarchies can be used to learn concepts; this is called organizational encoding.

23. Spencer Grant / Photo Edit Organizational Encoding Applied to Studying Pay attention to: • Outlines • Headings • Preview questions and summaries • Self-test questions