Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

1. Mrs. Yanac Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Anatomy • The study of the structure of organisms and their relationship to each other. • Answers the question “What are the structures of the body?” • Comparative Anatomy • Compares embryos of vertebrates at various stages of development • Gross Anatomy • Macroscopic • Regional Anatomy • Specific region of body • Systemic Anatomy • Organ systems • Developmental Anatomy • Changes in form from zygote  adulthood • Embryology • Zygote  8th week (fet • Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) • Cells & tissues

3. Physiology • The study of body function. • Answers the question “How do parts work?” • Cell Physiology • Functions of cells • Special Physiology • Functions of particular organs (ex. Heart) • Systemic Physiology • Functions of a particular system (ex. Nervous System) • Pathological • Effects of disease on organ or system functions

4. Relationship between A & P • “Structure determines function” • Anatomy & physiology are closely related as to the function depends on how it is put together.

5. Levels of organization • Chemical • Atoms & molecules • Cellular • Basic structural & functional unit of all living things • Smallest unit of life • Tissue • Cells with similar structure & function • Organ • 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform 1 or more functions • Organ systems • A group of organs working together • Organism • Many systems that work together to maintain life • Highest level of structural organization

6. Structural Organization

7. Human Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System – skin, hair, and nails 2. Skeletal System – support and protection 3. Muscular System – movement 4. Nervous System – control system 5. Endocrine System – communication within the body 6. Circulatory System – transport and delivery 7. Lymphatic System - body’s defense system 8. Respiratory System – gas exchange 9. Digestive System – breakdown of food & waste excretion 10. Urinary System – removes wastes from the blood 11. Reproductive System – production of offspring

8. Figure 1.2a–c

9. Figure 1.2d–f

10. Figure 1.2g–i

11. Figure 1.2j–l

12. Necessary Life Functions Maintaining boundaries – Cell membranes and integumentary system Movement – Muscular and skeletal systems Responsiveness – Sensing changes in the environment (nervous system) Digestion – Breaking down food to get energy Metabolism – All chemical reactions within the body (endocrine system) Excretion – Removal of wastes (urinary/excretory system) Reproduction – Ensures continuation of the species Growth & Development – Increase in size

13. Survival Needs • Nutrients • Contain chemicals used for energy & cell building • Oxygen • Needed to carry out cellular respiration • Water • 60-80% of body weight • Fluid base for the body • Body Temperature • Needs to be maintained at 37oC (98oF) • Atmospheric Pressure • Breathing & gas exchange depend on proper pressure

14. Homeostasis • Maintaining a constant (stable) internal environment in order for cells to function properly. • Depends on a constant state of • Chemical composition • Temperature • Pressure & Volume • All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis, but it is mainly controlled by the nervous & endocrine systems. • Failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death…it is VITAL!

15. Homeostatic Regulation • Autoregulation (intrinsic) • Adjust automatically in response to environmental change • When O2 levels decline in tissue, cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels to increase rate of blood flow which provides more O2 • Extrinsic regulation • Results from activities from nervous or endocrine system • We you set your hand on a hot stove, the heat produces a painful, localized disturbance & the nervous system orders your muscles to pull your hand away from the stove

16. Regulatory Mechanism • Receptor • Sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus • Control Center • Area that receives & processes the info • Effector • Cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center • Action either opposes or enhances the stimulus

17. Negative Feedback Mechanisms Stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus Example: Temperature control • If body temp exceeds 37oC (98.6oF), hypothalamus acts as a thermostat & heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to skin & increased sweating

20. Positive Feedback Mechanisms Stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Blood Clotting • Break in blood vessel wall causes bleeding. Damaged cells release chemicals that attract platelets to which will block the break and stop the bleeding.

22. Anatomical Position • Standing, feet apart, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards.

25. Directional Terms • Anterior and Posterior, which describe structures at the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. • Superior and Inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or below (inferior) another part of the body. • Proximal and Distal, which describe a position that is closer (proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body. • Superficial and Deep, which describe structures that are closer to (superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of the body. Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep. • Medial and Lateral, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of the body. • Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo before limb rotation. • Cranial and Caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal). • Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used

26. Body Planes

27. Anatomical Landmarks

28. Body Cavities