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Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence. Hassan Najadat Jordan University of Science & Technology. Outline. Course Overview What is AI ? A brief history The state of the art. Course Overview. Intelligent agent Problem Solving Solving problems by searching Informed Search and Exploration

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Artificial Intelligence

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  1. Artificial Intelligence Hassan Najadat Jordan University of Science & Technology

  2. Outline • Course Overview • What is AI ? • A brief history • The state of the art

  3. Course Overview • Intelligent agent • Problem Solving • Solving problems by searching • Informed Search and Exploration • Constraint Satisfaction Problems • Adversarial Search • Logical system • Logical Agent • First Order Logic • Inference in First-Order Logic • Knowledge Representation • Learning from Observations

  4. What is AI ?

  5. What is AI ?

  6. Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach • The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (Turing, 1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence. • The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: • Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English (or some other human language); • Knowledge representation to store information provided before or during the interrogation; • Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions; • Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns. • To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need • Computer Vision • Robotics

  7. Example Natural Language (NL) Processing • noun • verb • determiner • adjective • adverb • pronoun • s --> det, noun, verb, det, noun. • a better version • s --> np, verb. s --> np, verb, np. np --> det, adj*, noun. np --> proper-name. np --> pronoun.

  8. Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach - Program thinks like a human ..! We need to get inside the actual workings of human minds. There are two ways: • through introspection--trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by— • or through psychological experiments. • GPS -``General Problem Solver'' • (GPS) A procedure and program developed by Allen Newell, J. C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon. • GPS attains an objective by using recursive search and by applying rules to generate the alternatives at each branch in the recursive expansion of possible sequences. • GPS uses a procedure to measure the "distance" from the goal.

  9. Thinking rationality: The Logical approach Facts and Rules in Formal Logic Theorem Prover • Ensure that all actions performed by computer are justifiable (“rational”) • Rational = Conclusions are provable from inputs and prior knowledge • Problems: • Representation of informal knowledge is difficulty • Hard to define “provable” plausible reasoning • Combinatorial explosion: Not enough time or space to prove desired conclusions.

  10. Acting rationally: The rational agent approach • Rational behavior : doing the right thing ( that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information). • Agent • Program • Agent and Program • Rational Agent is one that acts to achieve the best outcomes or, when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome. Rational agents do the best they can given their resources

  11. Rational Agents • Adjust amount of reasoning according to available resources and importance of the result • This is one thing that makes AI hard very few resources lots of resources limited, approximate reasoning no thought “reflexes” Careful, deliberate reasoning

  12. Areas of Study in AI • Reasoning, optimization, resource allocation • planning, scheduling, real-time problem solving, intelligent assistants, internet agents • Natural Language Processing • information retrieval, summarization, understanding, generation, translation • Vision • image analysis, recognition, scene understanding • Robotics • grasping/manipulation, locomotion, motion planning, mapping

  13. Where are we now? • SKICAT: a system for automatically classifying the terabytes of data from space telescopes and identifying interesting objects in the sky. 94% classification accuracy, exceeds human abilities. • Deep Blue: the first computer program to defeat champion Garry Kasparov. • Pegasus: a speech understanding program that is a travel agent (1-877-LCS-TALK). • Jupiter: a weather information system (1-888-573-TALK) • HipNav: a robot hip-replacement surgeon.

  14. Where are we now? • Navlab: a Ford escort that steered itself from Washington DC to San Diego 98% of the way on its own! • google news: autonomous AI system that assembles “live” newspaper • DS1: a NASA spacecraft that did an autonomous flyby an asteroid. • Credit card fraud detection and loan approval • Search engines: www.citeseer.com, automatic classification and indexing of research papers. • Proverb: solves NYT puzzles as well as the best humans.

  15. Surprises in AI research • Tasks difficult for humans have turned out to be “easy” • Chess • Checkers, Othello, Backgammon • Logistics planning • Airline scheduling • Fraud detection • Sorting mail • Proving theorems • Crossword puzzles

  16. Surprises in AI research • Tasks easy for humans have turned out to be hard. • Speech recognition • Face recognition • Composing music/art • Autonomous navigation • Motor activities (walking) • Language understanding • Common sense reasoning (example: how many legs does a fish have?)

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