The Egyptian Empire

1. The Egyptian Empire Chapter 2-Section 3

2. Quiz • Create a hand drawn collage of anything you learned about in Sec. 3. It must be drawn on the provided paper and colored (no big white spaces). Colored pencil is preferred but you can use anything to color it. • A collage means several different pictures, words, etc.

3. Key Words • Tribute- forced payments sent to the pharoah to enrich the kingdom • Restore-to put back in order or fix • Maintain-to keep control of the situation • Construct-to build or put together

4. Important People/Places to Know • Ahmose • Hatshepsut • Thutmose III • Akenaton • Tutankhamen • Ramses II • Thebes-became the capital city of Egypt(located south of Memphis which was the original capital)

5. The Middle Kingdom • For about 200 years the pharaohs lost control of Egypt because nobles battled one another for power.(2300BC) • Egypt was chaotic during this time • About 2050 BC a new dynasty of pharaohs came to power and moved the capital to Thebes • They restored order/stability and the Middle Kingdom time period began

6. MK • The MK lasted from 2050 BC to about 1670 BC. • Egyptians enjoyed a golden age of stability, prosperity and achievement

7. MK-The Drive for More Land • During MK area of Egypt grew • Soldiers captured Nubia • Attacked Syria • (conquered people sent tribute to Egypt) • Within Egypt pharaohs added: • Waterways and dams • Increased farmed land • Built a canal between the Nile and Red sea

8. MK-The Arts Arts, literature and architecture thrived (.179) Area became known as _________________

9. MK-Who Were the Hyksos? • MK came to an end in 1670BC because Nobles once again plotted to take power from pharaohs. • Egypt faced serious threat from outside people known as the Hyksos. From p. 179/180) list 4 more pieces of information about these peoples.

10. The New Kingdom • The NK began with the reign of prince Ahmose who led an uprising to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt • The NK period went from 1550BC to about 1080BC • Egypt became richer and more powerful

11. A Woman Ruler • 1479 to 1458 B.C-Hatshepsut was the grandaughter of Ahmose, whose son Amenhotep I did not produce a son who lived to succeed him, so a general known as Thutmose is believed to have been brought into the royal line since he had married a princess.(NG2009)

12. Woman Ruler • Hatshepsut was the oldest daughter of Thutmose and his Great Royal Wife, Queen Ahmose, likely a close relative of King Ahmose. But Thutmose also had a son by another queen, and this son, Thutmose II, inherited the crown when his father "rested from life." (NG2009)

13. Woman Ruler • Adhering to a common method of fortifying the royal lineage, Thutmose II and Hatshepsut married. They produced one daughter; • A minor wife, Isis, would give Thutmose the male heir that Hatshepsut was unable to provide. • Thutmose II did not rule for long, and when he was ushered into the afterlife his heir, Thutmose III, was still a young boy. In time-honored fashion, Hatshepsut assumed effective control as the young pharaoh's queen regent.(NG2009)

14. At first, Hatshepsut acted on her stepson's behalf, careful to respect the conventions under which previous queens had handled political affairs while juvenile offspring learned the ropes. But before long, signs emerged that Hatshepsut's regency would be different. Early reliefs show her performing kingly functions such as making offerings to the gods and ordering up obelisks from red granite quarries at Aswan. After just a few years she had assumed the role of "king" of Egypt, supreme power in the land. Her stepson—who by then may have been fully capable of assuming the throne—was relegated to second-in-command. Hatshepsut proceeded to rule for a total of 21 years.(NG2009)

15. What induced Hatshepsut to break so radically with the traditional role of queen regent? • Bloodlines may have had something to do with it. Her chief steward and architect Senenmut refers to her as "the king's firstborn daughter," a distinction that accents her lineage as the senior heir of Thutmose I rather than as the chief royal wife of Thutmose II. • Remember, Hatshepsut was a true blue blood, related to the pharaoh Ahmose, while her husband-brother was the offspring of an adopted king. The Egyptians believed in the divinity of the pharaoh; only Hatshepsut, not her stepson, had a biological link to divine royalty. (NG2009)

16. Woman Ruler • From p. 181 in your text, list at least 5 more pieces of information about Hatshepsut.

17. Hatshepsut

20. Question • What strengths did Hatshepsut have as a leader?

21. Question • Hatshepsut focused on expanding Egypt’s economy rather than military conquests. Why do you think she chose this? • Which do you think is more important: economic or military strength? Explain your answer.

22. Expanding the Empire • Under Thutmose III Egypt expanded it’s boarders north to the Euphrates River into Mesopotamia • Also moved into and re-took Nubia • Empire grew rich from trade and tribute • Claimed gold, ivory, copper and valuable goods • Most significant was the taking of humans

23. Expanding the Empire • Captured became slaves and were put to work rebuilding Thebes • Slavery had not been widespread until Thutmose III-during NK it became common • Enslaved could own land, marry and eventually granted freedom

24. Legacies of Two Pharaohs • Around 1370 BC Amenhotep IV came into power. His wife was Nefertiti • They tried to lead Egypt in a new direction

25. A Religious Reformer • Amenhotep IV realized that the priests and priestesses had too much power • Introduced new religion worshipping only 1 god-Aton/Aten • Priests rebelled and pharoah stripped them of their positions, took their land and closed temples • During his 5th year of reign he changed his name to Akhenaton-”Spirit of Aton” and moved his center to a city he had built called Akhetaten /Aten(now known as Amarna).

26. Akhenaton was so devoted to his religion that he neglected his duties as pharaoh. • Hittites (enemy from what is now Turkey) attacked Egypt. • Egypt lost most of its lands in western Asia.

28. Nefertiti • was the Great Royal Wife • She was made famous by her bust, now in Berlin's NeuesMuseum. The bust is one of the most copied works of ancient Egypt. It was attributed to the sculptor Thutmose, and it was found in his workshop. The bust is notable for exemplifying the understanding Ancient Egyptians had regarding realistic facial proportions

29. Nefertiti • The exact dates of when Nefertiti was married to Akhenaten and later promoted to his Queen are uncertain. However, the couple had six known daughters • About Year 14 of Akhenaten's reign, Nefertiti vanishes from the historical record. There is no word of her after that date. Theories include sudden death by a plague that was sweeping through the city or another natural death.

30. During Akhenaten's reign (and perhaps after), Nefertiti enjoyed unprecedented power. The CoregencyStela may show her as a co-regent with her husband. By the twelfth year of his reign, there is evidence that she may have been elevated to the status of co-regent:[9] equal in status to the pharaoh. It is possible that Nefertiti is to be identified as the ruler named Neferneferuaten. • Some theories believe that Nefertiti was still alive and held influence on the younger royals. If this is the case, that influence and presumably Nefertiti's own life would have ended by year 3 of Tutankhaten'sreign (1331 BC). In that year, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun. This was evidence of his return to the official worship of Amun, and his abandonment of Amarna to return the capital to Thebes.[2] • Nefertiti’s daughter Ankhesenpaaten, also known as Ankhesenamen, later became queen of Tutankhamun

32. The Boy King • When Akhenaton died, his now proven son(originally thought to be son-in-law), Tutankhamen, inherited the throne-he was about 9-10 years old. • He was helped by officials and priests in ruling the kingdom • He restored the old religion • It is believed he died unexpectedly about 9 years after he became pharaoh from a fall, murder or sudden illness. (unknown)

33. Tut • He played only a small role in the history of Egypt but captured the imagination of all from the time he was found until today. • Tomb found by Howard Carter in 1922 • Contained the mummy and incredible treasures • Considered one of the most important finds because most royal tombs had been looted by robbers long before this time.

36. The End of the New Kingdom • During the 1200’s BC-pharaohs worked to restore Egypt • Ramses II-great pharaoh- reigned for about 66 years (1279-1213 BC) • Regained land in Asia • Rebuilt empire • Constructed several major temples

39. Why were temples built? • Use text p. 186 to come up with 4 reasons

40. Egypt Decline and Fall • Attacked by sea • Lacked iron • By 1150BC-lost empire and controlled onlt Nile delta • By 900BC-came under rule of many outside groups • Libyans • Kush-750BC • Assyrians-670BC

41. Review • During Middle Kingdom Egypt expanded its borders, and arts flourished • Under New Kingdom rulers, Egypt built a strong empire and expanded trade • Akhenaton failed to create new religion. Tutankhamen ruled briefly but gained fame because of treasure found • Ramses II was Egypt’s last great pharaoh • 900’sBC Egypt lost power to outside invaders

42. Quiz • Create a hand drawn collage of anything you learned about in Sec. 3. It must be drawn on the provided paper and colored (no big white spaces). Colored pencil is preferred but you can use anything to color it. • A collage means several different pictures, words, etc.