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Brain structures (Internal & External)

Brain structures (Internal & External). 1. BLOOD SUPPLY. Major ARTERIES of the Head and Neck. STROKE : Interruption in blood supply to parts of the brain lead to death of neural tissue. Can be caused by a clot ( ischemic ) or an injury ( hemorrhagic ).

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Brain structures (Internal & External)

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  1. Brain structures(Internal & External)

  2. 1. BLOOD SUPPLY Major ARTERIES of the Head and Neck

  3. STROKE: Interruption in blood supply to parts of the brain lead to death of neural tissue. Can be caused by a clot (ischemic) or an injury (hemorrhagic).

  4. DURAL SINUSES: Chambers that receive blood from veins and CSF from meninges.

  5. Major VEINS of the Head and Neck (

  6. 2. THE MENINGES

  7. Meninges (from out to in) • Dura mater: Hard, tough tissue in contact with the skull. In parts it splits into two layers forming the duralsinuses. • Arachnoid: Middle layer containing collagen fibers. • Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia mater) is • full of CSF. protects and cushions the brain and is • involved in waste & nutrient exchange. • Pia mater: Thin layer fused to the brain itself. Contains all the main blood vessels.

  8. Note: The subduralspace between the dura mater and arachnoid only forms following trauma, injury or death through fluid loss. Normally the dura mater and arachnoid are in contact with each other.

  9. The Meninges Figure 8-13(a)

  10. Meningitis(Viral & Bacterial)Inflammation of the brain meninges. Because infection occurs so close to the brain it is considered a medical emergency.

  11. SPINA BIFIDA A malformation of the meninges.

  12. Vertebrae overlying spinal cord not fully formed and remain unfused and open. If the opening is large enough a portion of meninges and spinal cord may protrude, sometimes without a fluid-filled sac. A cyst forms. 17

  13. Meningomyelocele: Meninges & spinal cord protrude. Meningocele: Only meninges protrude. 18

  14. 3. HEMISPHERES & LOBES Right & lefthemispheres bridged by the Corpus Callosum, a bundle of axons involved in data transfer. 20

  15. Four main lobes in both hemispheres: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal & Occipital. Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex Somatosensory association area Speech Frontal association area Taste Motor Speech (Broca’s area) Reading Hearing (Wernicke’s area) Visual association area Smell Auditory association area Vision Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

  16. Sulci: the grooves found on the brain’s surface (sing: sulcus) • Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes, Lateralsulcus separates frontal & parietal lobes from temporal lobe.

  17. What is a LOBOTOMY?

  18. 4. THE VENTRICLES & CSF • 4 cavities located in the CNS, all connected by channels and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 29

  19. CSF produced in the choroidplexus; cushions and supports the brain, transports nutrients and waste. CSF can leak into the blood located in the dural sinuses through the arachnoid granulations. Blood infections can reach the brain through this route!

  20. SPINAL TAP A sample of CSF taken from the spinal cord will reveal any infections, chemical inbalances or brain afflictions.

  21. 5. Grey & White Matter

  22. Whiteness due to the lipids in the myelin sheath. Node of Ranvier Layers of myelin Axon Schwann cell Schwann cell Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus of Schwann cell Axon Myelin sheath

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