Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

1. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West Chapter 27 Notes Ms.Chattin

2. Introduction • YukichiFukuzawa (1834-1904) is an example of how reformer outside the West tried to balance their culture and western ideas. Fukuzawa (Japanese) traveled to the west and studied. He advocated the adoption of western education although he clearly wasn’t in favor of how western women behaved! He thought that Confucian values didn’t take into account science and math and believed it didn’t provide for independence of the mind. Many Japanese felt his criticism to be very offense and he later stepped back from his views until his autobiography. • How do you reform along western lines, but keep to your culture’s traditions??? • Russia and Japan both defied the common pattern of this question of Western dominance. Russia and Japan were the only countries outside the West to industrialize prior to 1960 because (1) they both had a wave of immigration (2) understood benefits wouldn’t destroy their culture (3) improved political system under the Tokugawa shogunate and tsarist empire (4) and had state sponsored changes

3. Russia before Reform • Russia wanted to stop liberal reforms from occurring in the country…the French Revolution really freaked out Russia rulers who wanted to maintain supremacy over the serfs. Forcibly put down rebellions -Remember Pugachev’s rebellion 1773-1775-that ended poorly for him  • After Napoleonic invasion in 1812 Russia also became very involved in military and defenses..wanted to be strong. Became part of the Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria. • Intellectuals of Russia were attracted to western ideas of political freedom and reforms yet elite were attracted to western culture and art. • Decembrist uprising (1825) led by western oriented officers led to tsar Nicholas I being more conservative and repressive than before…secret police expanded, newspapers and schools watched more closely, and political opponents taken care of?

4. Russia before Reform/ Industrialization • Russia didn’t have the 1830 or 1848 revolts b/c of its political repression! In fact Russia put down a rebellion in Poland with force and helped Austria to put down a revolt in Hungary • Russia also interfered with the Ottoman Turks in supporting nationalists movements and even a war (Crimean War) to Britain’s dismay! • Overall no major land gains in the period

5. Economic and Social Problems • Didn’t industrialize with other Western countries! Did increase agricultural exports, but only b/c of the increased labor demands placed upon serfs. Russia would trade their exports for Western machines and luxury goods. • No significant change in manufacturing or transportation in Russia  Russia remained an agricultural dinosaur.

6. 1853-Russia demands religious protection for Greek Orthodox believers in Ottoman lands-…Denied As a result the Russians sent troops to the Danubian Principalities and took control Oct. 1853 Turks/ Ottomans declared war on Russia. The battle lasted 4 hrs with Russia dominating Drew up settlement plans and submitted to England and France for review England and France then declared war on Russia Crimean War

7. March 28, 1854 E/F enter the war due to Russia interfering with their plans for the Balkans England-Russian expansion would hurt their trade (med.) and land holdings in India France-by pairing up with England they could claim more power in European politics Austria-remained neutral Piedmont-Sardinia-paired with E/F to get recognition and aid in the unification process in Italy Sept 1854-British landed at Crimean peninsula and targeted Sevastopol (Russian naval base) Crimean War

9. March 1855-Czar Nicholas I died and his son, Alexander II takes the throne. Attempts at peace fail Sept 11, 1855-Sevastopol falls after 322 days of fighting Peace of Paris 1856-Russia gave up its claims as protector of Christians in Ottoman lands, restored the territory of the Ottomans, and neutralized the Black Sea 1861-Danubian principalities united into the state of Romania Highest casualty rate 1815-1914 of any war Most died b/c of sanitation problems (4 of every 5 wounded died) Russia defeated because of lack of industrialization…couldn’t keep up with western Europe This loss prompted Alexander II to reform-thought that in order to create a large mobile work force for the industrial sector that serfdom needed to end? Crimean War

10. Russian Reform Era/ Industrialization • 1861 Emancipation of serfs  came at same time that US and Brazil ended slavery. Russia had no RR and during the Crimean War Russians had to transport military supplies by carts to the Crimea! Something had to change !!! Alexander II believed abolition of serfdom would permit a well-trained reserve army to exist without fear of rebellion and create a system of free labor necessary for industrial development. • Nickname “Tsar Liberator”. He allotted land to freed peasants while requiring them payments on the lands over a 49 year period to be paid in installments (to then reimburse the landowners who lost out). Land granted to the village commune or mir who collected the payments. They were tied to the lands they villages until they could pay for their lands. Earned no new political rights! (Proved difficult to pay back) • Lincoln less than 2 years later freed 4 million American slaves while Alexander II freed 52 million peasants!

11. Russia Reforms • Emancipation didn’t create a revolution b/c serfs relied on traditional methods on their lands. Peasant uprising became more common as peasants recognized their political limitations. Alexander II had no intention of creating a floating proletariat…he wanted his people tied to the land! A large portion of the population received too little lands to be able to make redemption payments  The commune or mir replaced the landowner in peasant bondage. Redemption payments were finally abolished in 1907…only after the peasants were angry. • Great Reforms of Alexander II: emancipation of serfs, creating local parliamentary bodies (zemstovs), reorganizing the judiciary (new law codes), and modernizing the army (along Prussian model) [army: reduced conscription from 25 yrs to 15 yrs with only 6 yrs of active duty! (length of service reduce along education level) • Literacy increased, state played role of middle class in trying to spur on industrialization, and RR developed (trans Siberian RR)

12. Russian Reforms • Contributed to economic development: high tariffs to protect Russian industry, reforming the credit and banking system, and encouraging outside investments (France)…established under Russian minister of finance, Count Sergei Witte • 1900 ½ of Russian industry was foreign owned and operated (steel, petroleum, and textile production ) compared to local peasants who agriculturally remained backwards. • Russia was not sufficiently liberalized or democratized to satisfy critics of autocracy

13. Protest and Revolution • From 1860-1870 young generation of radical intellectuals who benefited from Western educations saw revolutions of the West and began to protest =intelligentsia (typically son and daughters of petty officials and women seeking education) • Social protests by peasants-resented redemption payments coupled with famines and taxes led to peasant uprising where they would often destroy payment records! • Some educated Russian sought more political rights while other intellectuals became very active (intelligentsia)

14. 1870’s Intelligentsia-western liberalism and socialism was spread through country by students returning home. This threatened the state and these individuals were repressed Some left to help other revolution and independence movements while others stayed and turned to violence Attempts to assassinate the Alexander II were made many times Eventually he was killed by an assassin in 1881 in St. Petersburg People of Russia expected their politics to keep up with social reforms of the state and begin liberalizing, which it failed to do Tsar kept reforms at bay while people turned to radical groups for support Marxism became popular and Marxist leader like Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov or Lenin emerged. Populist Movement

15. Revolution in Russia • Mensheviks (minority) wanted to achieve this by way of gradual changes • Bolsheviks (smaller) wanted to achieve this by way revolution! • Many workers formed unions and began striking while peasants joined radical groups to voice their grievances (esp. repayments) • State lost in Crimean War and Western powers insisted upon the return of earlier Russian spoils. • Russia began violating Amur River agreement with activities on the Trans-Siberian RR also began to lease out Chinese territory. Active in ME and Asia • Russo-Japanese War –1904: Japan worried about increased expansion of Russia into northern China and Korea…saw as a potential threat! The Japanese won!!! Japanese could move equipment and fleet much faster than Russia. Proved short-comings of Russian military in spite of various reforms! Japan then moved into Korea and power began to shift. • The defeat of Russia to the Japanese spurred on protests in 1905.

16. Russian Revolution • 1905 Protests: Russian troops reacted poorly and fired on labor demonstrators in Petrograd and initiated a 1905 Revolution!!! Arg • In order to end the people the tsar created some liberal reforms such as creating a national parliament called the Duma • Peasant reforms: Stolypin reforms-peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls  Hope was to create a group of market oriented peasant who would become rural capitalists. Protests died down but only small group of farmers increased their production and bought up lands, kulaks. • However, soon the government returned to repressive measure to quell riots of laborers and peasants • Unfortunately, the Duma was stripped of powers and rights were taken back set by the government leading to protests! • Workers (shut out of government) united in independent labor organization…called the soviets • Russia again sought expansion and because of the loss to Japan had to turn toward the Ottoman Empire for warm water access leading to the conflict of WWI. • At onset of WWI, labor unrest resulted in numerous strikes. Between Jan.-July 1914 Russia experienced 3500 strikes • Tsar pressed industrial production to fight the war at the expense of the agricultural economy. Under gov. coercion, industrial output doubled between 1914-17 while agricultural output plummeted

17. Eastern Europe • Many eastern European countries that won independence from the Ottoman Empire established monarchies with kings that ruled without any real limitations while voting was very restricted. Although serfdom was abolished landlords still remained much power over peasants leading to unrest in the countryside. • Eastern European countries failed to industrialize which led to them becoming dependent economies on western Europe that produced mainly agricultural products (dinosaurs). • Contributions: culture-expanded in western tradition applied to their culture-romanticism hit that united people…told their histories and heritage. While literature increased (Tolstoy, Dostoevsky) and music (Chopin and Liszt). Science also increased: Gregor Mendel in genetics and Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov-conditioning.

18. Japan: Final Decades of Shogunate Shogunate: combined central bureaucracy with semifedual alliances with daimyos and samurai. Paid stipends to samurai in return for loyalty. Expensive! (Still had emperor too) Financial problems-taxes based upon agriculture-constrained amount collected rather than commerce Weakened the shogunate by 1850 Move towards increased secularism among Japanese upper classes with some educational reforms: increased education (terakoya-common schools), increased literacy, increased intellectual creativity. Education led to ultranationalism! Confucianism-still dominant, but rivalries appeared: traditionalists vs. reformists Dutch Studies-kept for translation purposes with Dutch merchant. In 1720 Western book ban ended and some Japanese scholars were interested in Western ideas…especially medicine. Improvement in Japanese economy-establishment of monopolies by large merchant companies, increase in manufacturing (soy sauce and silks), but by the 1850s economic growth slowed. Rural protests over landlord and merchant controls!

19. Challenge to Isolation Some Japanese worried about growing threat of the West…especially Russia US 1853 –Commodore Matthew Perry in Tokoyo threatened to bomb if not permitted to trade! Forced to allow b/c of their military superiority. Won right to trade…soon other nations followed (B/R/Holland). This also meant Westerns living in Japan by their rules! Soon both daimyos and samurai appealed to the emperor against the shogun for help. For a very long time the emperor had largely been a religious and ceremonial figure! Pressure on shogun who some of the samurai looked to unseat! Shogunate existed on isolation policy??? 1860s-some samurai attacks on foreigners including a murder of a British officer! Response-western bombardment of feudal forts! 1866 Civil War: samurai (now heavily armed with western weapons) defeated shogunate army. 1868 reform group proclaimed a new emperor, Mutsuhito or Meiji (Enlightened one). Samurai leaders put down Shoguns forces and introduced many changes in Japan.

20. Industrial and Political Change Meiji State Ended feudalism –adopted French system of prefects (appointed district administrators) thus finally created a centralized Japanese state with emperor Meiji at the base Sent samurai to Western states to study economics, politics, and technology realized value and began wanted to end antiforeign position to better Japan’s domestic development, increase its diplomacy, and avoid making the West its enemy. Meiji Reforms (1873-1876) abolished samurai class and stipends, increased taxes beyond agriculture, national army based on conscription Final samurai uprising in 1877 over poor pay by army handled! Many samurai found new careers in politics and business (Example: Iwasaki Yataro –started the Mitsubishi Company in 1868 and was a samurai. Got gov. contracts for RR and steamships…later moved into shipbuilding, mining, banking, and transportation. Employed other samurai)

21. Political Change Meiji State 1884 Meiji created a new conservative nobility-British style House of Peers Diet-Parliament (2 houses) Civil Service Exam-opened up bureaucracy-rapidly expanded 1889 Constitution –set prerogatives for emperor and limited the power of the Diet. Parliament basically advised gov, but couldn’t control it (laws and budgets) Required property to vote-only 5% could vote! Centralized Imperial Rule combined with limited representative institutions copied from the West Power to business people and former nobles who influenced emperor. Copied West, but remained Japanese! Russia and Japan both were centralized and authoritarian, BUT Japan incorporate business people while Russia held on to traditional elites

22. Japan’s Industrial Revolution Wanted to create conditions for industrialization: reform banks to provide capital, build RR, agricultural innovations, end to guilds and internal tariffs, and land reforms to ID who owned lands Government initiative for transportation networks, mines, shipyards, and metallurgical plants. 1870 established Ministry of Industry-set economic policy and even operated specific economic sectors. Commercial laws By 1880s shipyards, arsenals, and factories established work system and technological training to follow for many Japanese! Established a clear model on which to build! Private enterprises now quickly rose up-textiles By 1900 Japanese economy –Industrial Revolution! Japan was resource poor and exported much to import machines and resources like coal-not the equal to West. Wealth built on labor of poor –workers protests repressed!

23. Social/ Diplomatic Effects Industrial Revolution/ political changes effected Japanese culture and society: Population growth-led to class tensions Universal education-science and technology-elite to university. Stress on moral education and nationalism Western fashions-haircut, toothbrush, medicines, calendar, metric system. Few adopted Christianity! (Go figure-think Japan and religion) Yet…Japanese still held onto their values just got techniques and advice from the West. Traditional Japanese family model- subordination of women, Shintoism grew-religion, Japan imperialism-needed markets and raw materials! Sino-Japanese War –won over China and gave Japan access to Korea! Japan demonstrated new superiority over Asian powers. Attacked Russia due to conflict over spoils of Sino-Japanese War…West insisted Japan give up Liaodong peninsula. 1902 Japan and Britain entered into an alliance-Japan had now arrived 1910 Japan annexed Korea officially becoming an imperialistic power!

24. Strain of modernization Costs: poor standard of living for many, disputes btw. generations over past. vs. Western ways, political parties clashed with emperor…leading to the gov. dissolving the Diet and calling for new elections, assassination attempts. Avoided revolutionary pressures due to repression

25. Russia and Japan Russia and Japan on a collision course over Eastern Asia! Russia had long existing world role while Japan’s was new in large part due to its self directed isolation period