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Part 1: Materials of Music

Part 1: Materials of Music. Units 1 & 2: Elements of Music & Musical Instruments and Ensembles Download the Musical Examples Here. Chapter 1: Melody. A coherent succession of single pitches. Words / Sentence Highness / Lowness Frequency / Vibration Distance between two different pitches

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Part 1: Materials of Music

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  1. Part 1: Materials of Music Units 1 & 2: Elements of Music & Musical Instruments and Ensembles Download the Musical Examples Here

  2. Chapter 1: Melody • A coherent succession of single pitches. • Words / Sentence • Highness / Lowness • Frequency / Vibration • Distance between two different pitches • http://www.musictheory.net/lessons

  3. Melody Continued • Range: span of melody from highest to lowest note. It can be narrow or wide. • Shape: determined by direction of melodic line; like a graph.

  4. More Melody • Movement of melody incorporates either small or large interval jumps. • Examples: Conjunct: Disjunct: • Phrase: like a phrase in a sentence; a unit of melody within a larger context (period). • Period: Like a sentence; usually made up of two phrases. • Example of Phrase/Period:

  5. Yet More about Melody • Cadence: resting place or repose; last two notes of melody/ harmony. • Rhyme Scheme: like a poem; symmetrical; stanza of poetry. • Countermelody: two melodic ideas set against each other simultaneously.

  6. Chapter 2: Rhythm • Syncopation: upsetting the normal pattern of accentuation. • Polyrhythm: duple against triple; triple against quadruple. • Additive Meter: combining duple and triple to form asymmetrical meters. • Non-metric: without strong pulse or meter.

  7. Chapter 3: Harmony • Simultaneously v. One-at-a-Time; Vertical v. Horizontal • Scales: Patterns of Intervals • Triad: Stacked thirds • Tonality: major v. minor • Tonic = “Do” • Diatonic v. Chromatic • Dissonance v. Consonance

  8. Chapter 4: Musical Texture • Monophonic: Single voiced • Heterophonic: Two simultaneous voices, both melodic with one being an ornamented version of the other. • Homophonic: Several voices, one voice melody, and the other voices subordinate harmony in unison rhythm.

  9. Texture Continued • Polyphonic: many-voiced texture, usually with two or more melodic lines. • Counterpoint: (literally note against note) the art of combining two or more melodic lines. • Imitation: melody given in one voice and restated in another voice. • Canon and round (simplest form of canon): Row, Row, Row your Boat.

  10. More about Counterpoint • Inversion: Intervals stated upside-down • Retrograde: Intervals in melody stated backwards • Retrograde Inversion: Intervals stated upside down and backwards • Augmentation: melody presented in longer note values • Diminution: melody stated in shorter note values

  11. Chapter 6: Musical Form • Repetition versus Contrast: the familiar versus the interesting • Variation: falls between repetition and contrast • Improvisation: created in performance; the structure is present. • Binary Form: A B or Two-Part Song Form • Ternary Form: A B A or Three-Part Form

  12. Formal Elements Continued • Theme: building block in the construction of a musical work • Thematic Development: elaborating, varying or growing thematic material. • Motive: short fragment of a theme • Sequence: themes stated higher/lower • Call and Response: question and answer • Ostinato: short, repetitive pattern that serves as a unifying technique; can be melodic, rhythmic or harmonic.

  13. More about Thematic Development • Passacaglia: continuous variations, usually in triple meter, on a ground bass (melodic line found in bass voice). • Chaconne: continuous variations, usually in triple meter, on a chord progression. • Movement: complete, comparatively independent division of a large-scale work (like a symphony, concerto, oratorio, etc.)

  14. Chapter 7: Musical ExpressionTempo and Dynamics • Tempo: rate of speed (fast/slow), carrying emotional implications • Tempo Markings: in Italian, representing Italian domination during the “Common Practice Period” (Baroque Period from 1600-1750 CE)

  15. Grave: solemn Largo: broad/very slow Adagio: quite slow Andante: walking pace Moderato: moderately Allegro: fast/cheerful Vivace: lively Presto: very fast Poco a poco: little by little Tempi Continued

  16. Molto: very Meno: less Non troppo: not too much Accelerando (accel.): speed up gradually Ritardando (rit.): gradually getting slower A tempo: return to the original tempo Tempi Continued

  17. Dynamics • Pianissimo (pp) • Piano (p) • Mezzo Piano (mp) • Mezzo Forte (mf) • Forte (f) • Fortissimo (ff) • Crescendo • Decrescendo/ Diminuendo • Sforzando (sfz) • Metronome: measures the exact number of beats per minute • (Quarter Note = 100)

  18. Chapter 8: Musical Instruments & Ensembles Properties of Musical Sound: • Pitch: position; how high/low is the vibration? • Duration: how long does the vibration continue? • Volume: how intense (loud/soft) is the vibration? • Timbre: the color of the sound; determined by the type of vibration (lip, reed, string, etc.), material of construction (wood, brass, membrane, etc.), size, or shape.

  19. Instruments/Ensembles Continued • Instrument: a mechanism that generates vibrations (mechanical waves) and sends them out into the air: the human voice and other musical instruments. • Register: related to range (highest and lowest notes an instrument can produce); high, middle or low registers on different instruments produce different colors and musical effects.

  20. The Human Voice Men’s Vocal Ranges • Tenor • Baritone • Bass • Tenors were popular in operas until the 18th Century, when baritone/bass soloists gained popularity. *males castrated in youth Women’s Vocal Ranges • Soprano • Mezzo-Soprano • Alto • Women’s ranges were sung by boys and castrati* until the 15th Century. • Vibrato: undulations produce forward motion

  21. The Human Voice • Luciano Pavarotti – NessunDorma from Turandot

  22. Basic Musical Instruments • Idiophones: vibrating mechanism is the instrument itself or some part of the instrument. • Membranophones: vibrating mechanism is a membrane stretched across the instrument. • Aerophones: air column is the vibrating mechanism. • Chordophones: a stretched string is the vibrating mechanism.

  23. Basic Musical Instruments • Which of these instruments are • Aerophones • Chordophones • Idiophones • Membranophones • 1234

  24. Chapter 9: Western Musical Instruments String Instruments: • Violin: • Italy • Amati • Guarneri • Antonio Stradivari • Soprano/Mezzo-Soprano Voices • G, D, A, E

  25. String Instruments Continued • Viola: • Larger than Violin • Alto Voice • C, G, D, A • Violin & Viola together

  26. Low Strings • Violoncello, or cello • Tenor Voice • C, G, D, A Violin & Cello together

  27. Low Strings • Double Bass, Bass Viol or Contrabass • Bass voice • Always doubled unless played pizzicato • E, A, D, G

  28. More about Strings Special Effects Pizzicato-plucked Legato/Staccato Glissando Tremolo Double-, Triple- or Quadruple-Stops Harmonics Trill Mutes Harp / Arpeggio Guitar

  29. Woodwind Instruments • Flute • Piccolo • Oboe • English horn • Clarinet • Bass Clarinet • Bassoon • Contrabassoon • Saxophone

  30. Brass Instruments • Trumpet • Horn

  31. More Brass • Trombone • Euphonium • Tuba

  32. Percussion Instruments • Indefinite Pitch • Snare/Tenor Drum • Bass Drum • Cymbals • Triangle • Tambourine • Castanets • Gong • Definite Pitch • Timpani • Xylophone • Vibraphone • Bells

  33. Keyboard Instruments • Piano • Harpsichord • Organ

  34. Chapter 9: Musical Ensembles Choral Groups • Chorus: large body of singers both for religious and non-religious occasions. • Choir: smaller body of singers, usually for religious occasions. • A cappella: “in church style”; without instrumental accompaniment.

  35. Instrumental Chamber Ensembles • Strings • String Quartet • String Quintet • Sextet and Octet • Duo Sonatas • Trio Sonatas • Piano & Strings • Piano Trios • Piano Quartets • Piano Quintets • Woodwind Quintets • Brass Quintets

  36. Orchestras • Baroque • Classical • Romantic • Modern

  37. Wind/Percussion Ensembles • Wind Ensemble/ Concert Band • Marching Band/ Drum Corps • Jazz Band • Rock Band • Percussion Ensemble • Conductor (Can you name them?)

  38. Chapter 10: Style and Function of Music in Society • Classical v. Popular • Function of Music • Religious • Civic • Entertainment • Genres: categories of repertoire • Sacred Vocal Music • Instrumental Chamber Music • Opera • Medium: the specific group that performs music • Choir • Orchestra • Piano Trio • Opera vocal soloists, choir and orchestra • Oral Transmission

  39. Transition I: Hearing Musical Styles • Melodically-oriented • Highly developed system of harmony • Style characteristics change from period to period. • Conceptualization • Forms & Techniques • Ideal of Beauty • Manners of Expression • Cultural Climate • Historical Periods: • Medieval (400-1450) • Renaissance (1450-1600) • Baroque (1600-1750) • Classical (1750-1825) • Romantic (1825-1900) • Modern (1900-present)

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