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Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks

February 24, 2006. ICE600 – Computer Networks. Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks. (Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation). Kyounghee Lee leekhe@icu.ac.kr Information and Communications University. Contents. Introduction Preliminaries Proposed Approach Implementation

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Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks

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  1. February 24, 2006 ICE600 – Computer Networks Seamless QoS Guarantees with SARAH in Mobile Networks (Testbed Buildup and S/W Installation) Kyounghee Lee leekhe@icu.ac.kr Information and Communications University

  2. Contents • Introduction • Preliminaries • Proposed Approach • Implementation • Simulation Study • Application • Conclusions

  3. Introduction • Preliminaries • Research Concerns • Motivation

  4. Preliminaries • Need for QoS guarantees in mobile Internet • To provide various realtime multimedia services to mobile users • Voice over IP, Video on Demand, Internet broadcasting, etc. • Multimedia stream characteristics • Broadband • Error-sensitive • Intolerant to transmission delay and jitter variance • Limitations on QoS guarantees in mobile Internet • Poor communication characteristics in wireless links • Service instability due to host mobility • Handoff latency • Traffic redirection overhead

  5. Preliminaries (Cont’d) • Two popular QoS models in wired Internet • Integrated Services (IntServ) architecture • Strict end-to-end QoS guarantees based on per-flow resource reservation • Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP) • Generally deployed at access networks • Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture • Class of Service (CoS) concept • Less scalability concerns due to traffic aggregation • Appropriate for core networks  How to adapt IntServ to properly support host mobility at access networks?

  6. Research Concerns • Well-known issues with RSVP in Mobile IP networks • Mobile IP tunneling issue • RSVP message invisibility problem • Triangle routing problem • Reservation path invalidation issue • Advance resource reservation scheme • Widely used solution for both two mobility issues • Proactively reserves resources at the locations where a MH may visit • Limitations in current status • Indiscriminate/excessive advance reservations  resource inefficiency and signaling overhead • Considerable modifications are required in current Internet to reduce excessive advance reservations

  7. Motivation • Seamless QoS guarantees for mobile multimedia services • Provides seamless end-to-end QoS to mobile users • Service quality enhancements • Accommodation of realtime multimedia applications • RSVP adaptation to mobile access networks • To appropriately address both Mobile IP tunneling and reservation path invalidation problems • To reduce overhead for excessive advance reservations • To be a transparent approach to existing Internet environment (less modifications and additions)

  8. SARAH Approach • Overview • SARAH Procedures • Features

  9. Overview • Selective Advance Reservations and Resource-aware Handoff Direction (SARAH) • Three major steps in SARAH • Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) establishment • Movement prediction using link layer (L2) functionalities • Resource-aware handoff direction • Extension of Reservation Path (ERP) process • PRP activation • Traffic forwarding • Optimization for extended Reservation Path (ORP) process • Adjustment of reservation path to shortest routing path (using unicast or multicast IP address) • Termination of useless PRPs

  10. CH CH CH BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C Overview (Cont’d) 1. PRP establishment 2. ERP after handoff 3. ORP (2) (1) (3) MH MH MH : Inactivated Pseudo Reservation Path (PRP) : Existing RSVP Session (1), Activated PRP (2), Optimized Reservation Path : Traffic forwarding

  11. CH CH BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_A BS_B BS_C SARAH Procedures • PRP establishment (before a handoff) 3.PRP_inform PRP 4.RSVP path 5.RSVP resv 2.PRP_init PRP_init_ack 1.L2 beacon MH MH (a) (b) Original RSVP session Inactivated PRP SARAH & RSVP control flow

  12. CH CH BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_A BS_C SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) • ERP process (after a handoff) PRP Activated PRP 1.PRP_activate MH MH (a) (b) Original RSVP session & Activated PRP Inactivated PRP Traffic forwarding SARAH & RSVP control flow

  13. SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) • ORP process using unicast IP address • Establishes a new RSVP session and replaces the original one • When the network does not support IP multicast • When incoming MH already participates in unicast RSVP session

  14. SARAH Procedures (Cont’d) • ORP process using multicast IP address • Joins the existing multicast RSVP session • Better network utilization • Less reservation requirement

  15. Features • Pseudo reservation • Advance reservation in SARAH • Advantages • Established between two neighboring base stations (BSs)  shortens the average length of advance reservation path • Established and managed in the same way as a normal RSVP session  no additional RSVP messages, transparent to intermediate routers • Inactive resources can be shared with best-effort traffic by scheduling policy • Traffic blocking at BSs enables pseudo reservations to be inactive • PRP activation is performed by traffic forwarding at BSs • Requires no modification at intermediate routers

  16. CH HA CH HA Features (Cont’d) • Initial RSVP setup to escape Mobile IP tunneling 4.Path (2) & resv 3.resv 2.path 3.resv-err + BU (CoA = BS) BS BS 1.RSVP_init (Tspec) 2.RSVP_init (Tspec, Rspec) 1.path (1) (a) MH is a sender (b) MH is a receiver

  17. Features (Cont’d) • Host movement detection scheme • Detects L2 beacon frames from multiple reachable BSs • (assuming underlying networks such as IEEE 802.11) • Control messages • PRP_init: notification of movement • PRP_inform: initiation of PRP establishment • Neighbor mapping table in each BS • Reduces the number of pseudo reservation paths (PRPs) 3. PRP_inform cBS nBS cBS: Current BS nBS: New BS 2. PRP_init 1. L2 beacon MH

  18. Features (Cont’d) • Neighbor mapping table • Binding between neighboring BS’s MAC address and IP address • Referred for host movement detection • Example of a neighbor mapping table R: Support for RSVP S: Support for SARAH

  19. MH MH BS_B BS_C BS_A BS_B BS_C BS_A Features (Cont’d) • Resource-aware handoff direction scheme • MH chooses its next BS by signal strength of L2 beacon frames resource availability Beacon_A Beacon_B Move (2) (1) (3) (4) (1): CRP_init (BS_A, BS_B) (2), (3): CRP_inform, RSVP path, RSVP resv (4): CRP_init_ack (BS_A or BS_B) or CRP_init_rej * Beacon_A > Beacon_B

  20. Implementation • System Architecture • Testbed Configuration • MPEG Video Streaming Service

  21. System Architecture • Overall framework of SARAH CH Application SARAH Adaptation Module BS Mobile IP adaptation TCP/UDP TCP/UDP RSVP Neighbor BS SARAH BS Demon Mobile IP RSVP MH Application SARAH Adaptation Module Data flow Control flow IEEE 802.11 TCP/UDP Mobile IP

  22. Testbed Configuration CH RSVP HA SAM : NIC (IEEE 802.3) : NIC (IEEE 802.11b) : Hub : RSVP session R Subnet B (wired) Subnet A (Wired) BS1 RSVP Traffic scheduler SBD Mobile IP BS2 Subnet D (Wireless) Subnet C (Wireless) MH OS: Linux ker 2.2.12 & 2.2.14 Mobile IP: HUT Dynamics 0.8.1 [DynMIP] RSVP: ISI release 4.2a4 [ISIRSVP] Scheduling: ALTQ 3.0 [ALTQ] SAM Mobile IP

  23. MPEG Video Streaming Service • Service Scenarios • On aforementioned testbed • Background traffic generation: • MGEN tool [MGEN] • Maximum throughput of wired • network: 9.3 Mbps • Wired subnet A: non-congested • Wired subnet B: congested • 8.1 Mbps background traffic • 1.6 Mbps video traffic • (IP and UDP headers: 14%) • Movement of MH: • Subnet 1  subnet 2 CH R Video stream Background traffic BS1 BS2 move Subnet 1 Subnet 2

  24. Testbed Buildup • Outline • ISI RSVP Installation • Dynamics Mobile IP Installation • SARAH Installation

  25. Outline • Configuration of experimental testbed • Build testbed frame • Connection of PCs, H/W equipment • OS installation • Linux (RedHat recommended) • Network configuration • IP subneting, IP masquerading • Wireless LAN devices

  26. Outline (Cont’d) • RSVP installation • ISI distribution • http://www.isi.edu/div7/rsvp/rsvp.html • Latest rel4.2a4-1 • Patch for Linux OS • Traffic scheduler setting (router) • Kernel recompile • Test of RSVP operation (RTAP or RSVP demon debug mode) • Traffic generation tool (MGEN) • http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen

  27. Outline (Cont’d) • Mobile IP installation • Dynamics Mobile IPv4 • http://dynamics.sourceforge.net • Stable version 0.8.1 • Test of Mobile IP operation (DynTool) • SARAH installation • SARAH BS Demon (SBD): base station • SARAH Test Application: mobile host, correspondent host

  28. Outline (Cont’d) • MPEG streaming application • Installation of video server • Video client • MpegTV player • http://www.mpegtv.com • MPEG streaming test • Network congestion • Host handoff

  29. ISI RSVP Installation • Base station, correspondent host • Source code patch for Linux OS • Compile • Source code modification • Makefile configuration • Router • Linux kernel options: modules • Traffic scheduler • Class-based Queue (CBQ) • Iproute2 S/W installation (if needed) • Patch for Linux OS • Compile • Source code modification • Makefile configuration • CBQ configuration

  30. ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d) • Source code extraction & patch • Source code modification [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp linux-tc.tar.gz ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp rsvp.patch.txt ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd ./rsvp [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf rsvpd.rel4.2a4-1.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# tar xvzf linux-tc.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]#patch –p0 < rsvp.patch.txt [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/]# cd rel4.2a4/rsvpd [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# vi rsvp_specs.c Line 1189: return (log(x))  return (2.303*log10(x))

  31. ISI RSVP Installation (Cont’d) • Makefile configuration # # XXX Changing defines is not visible to the dependency rules; do a # "make clean" if you change one! # DEFINES = -DDEBUG -DSCHEDULE -DRTAP -DSECURITY -DSTATS -DRSVP_DIAG \         -DAPI_USE_NET_BO -DISI_TEST \         -DISI_FLOW_LABEL -DNO_IPV6 # Select Traffic Control adaptation module object #Linux end host TCOBJS = tc_test.o rsvp_LLkern.o # Linux traffic control #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_filter.o tc_linux.o tc_qdisc.o rsvp_LLkern.o # ALTQ adaptation module(s) #TCOBJS = tc_cbq.o tc_cbqinit.o tc_cbqatm.o rsvp_LLkern.o

  32. RSVP Installation (Cont’d) • Compilation • CBQ configuration in Linux [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make depend [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rspvd]# make [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cp cbqinit.eth2 ./rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/]# cd rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# vi cbqinit.eth2 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# chmod +x cbqinit.eth2 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd/]# cbqinit.eth2

  33. RSVP Installation (Cont’d) • RSVP execution & test *Rspeccl = {max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size} *Rspecgs = {service rate, slack term, max packet arrival, token bucket size, token bucket rate, minimum policed unit, max packet size} [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/rsvp/rel4.2a4/rsvpd]# ./rsvpd –D T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000  (S) T1> dest udp 192.168.1.2/6000  (D) T1> sender 102.168.0.3/5000 [t 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (S) T1> reserve wf [cl 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (D, controlled load) T1> close (both) T1> reserve wf [g 700k 0 600k 500k 1M 50 1500]  (D, guaranteed service)

  34. RSVP Installation (Cont’d) • Traffic generation [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi sender.script  (S) PORT 5000 00000 1 ON  203.253.50.100:6000 PERIODIC 500 1250 RSVP [t 7000000 10000 1250000 50 1500] 10000 2 ON 203.253.50.100:6001 PERIODIC 600 1250 20000 1 OFF 20000 2 OFF [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi receiver.script  (R) PORT 6000-6009 03000 RESV 203.253.50.100:6000 WF [gx 700000 0 700000 10000 1250000 50 1500] [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./mgen input sender.script  (S) [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# ./drec input recievr.script output out.log  (R) [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/mgen]# vi out.log  (R)

  35. Dynamics MIPv4 Installation • Binary distribution • Home agent, foreign agent, mobile host demons • Development libraries and header files • Source code distribution • Source code compilation • System configuration • Make • Configuration file setting • dynhad.conf, dynfad.conf, dynmnd.conf • Host mobility support test • Mobility management: dynmn_tool • Provides useful information for mobile networks • Enables to force a handoff • Handoff latency measurement

  36. Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d) • Source code extraction & compilation • Configuration file setting [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz ./ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf dynamics-0.8.1.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd dynamics-0.8.1 [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# ./configure [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make install [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/ha]# vi dynhad.conf  HA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/fa]# vi dynfad.conf  FA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/src/mn]# vi dynmnd.conf  MH * Copy all configuration files into /etc directory before execution

  37. Dynamics MIPv4 Installation (Cont’d) • Execution • Handoff test [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/ha]# modprobe ipip; ./dynhad&  HA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/fa]# modprobe ipip; ./dynfad&  FA [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmnd&  MN • [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1/mn]# ./dynmn_tool  MN • Command • status: shows the current link and network status • list: shows the list of reachable FAs • force [fa_addr]: forces a handoff to the designated FA • careof: shows the current acre-of-address of the MH * Please check the manual for more information

  38. SARAH Installation • SARAH BS demon - source code extraction & compilation • Configuration file setting  “sarahd.conf” [root@LinuxServer /]# cd /usr/src/ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cp sarah_v0.21.tar.gz ./ [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# tar xvzf sarah_v0.21.tar.gz [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/sarahd [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# vi sarahd.conf [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/sarahd]# make * You will get “sarahd” execution file

  39. SARAH Installation (Cont’d) • Test application - source code compilation • Source file configuration • “ch_test_server.c”, “ch_test_client.c” • “mh_test_server.c”, “mh_test_client.c” • “mh_stream_client.c” [root@LinuxServer/usr/src]# cd sarah_v0.21/test [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi ch_test_server.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_test_cllient.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/sarah_v0.21/test]# vi mh_stream_client.c [root@LinuxServer/usr/src/dynamics-0.8.1]# make * You will get “ch_test_server”, “ch_test_client”, “mh_test_server”, “mh_test_client” and “mh_stream_lient” execution files

  40. SARAH Installation (Cont’d) • Video client - MPEG TV • Latest version • http://www.mpegtv.com • Get full source codes or binary files • SARAH execution • Run “sarahd” at each BS • File transmission test • Run “mh_test_client” at MH • Run “ch_test_server” at CH • MPEG streaming test • Open MPEG TV player at MH (with UDP streaming mode) • Run “mh_stream_client” at MH • Run “ch_test_server” at CH

  41. References [ALTQ] “Alternate Queueing,” available at ftp://ftp.csl.sony.co.jp/pub/kjc/altq-3.1.tar.gz [Awduche97] D. Awduche and E. Agu, “Mobile extensions to RSVP,” in Proceedings 6th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, pp. 132–136. Sep. 1997. [Bennett96] J. C. R. Bennett and H. Zhang, “WF2Q: Worst-Case Fair Weighted Fair Queueing”, in Proceedings of the 15th Conference of IEEE Communications Society (INFOCOM’96), Mar. 1996. [Blake98] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, W. Weiss, “An Architecture for Differentiated Services,” RFC 2475 on IETF, Dec. 1998. [Braden94] R. Braden, D. Clark, and S. Shenker, “Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview,” RFC 1633 on IETF, June 1994. [Braden97] R. Braden, L. Zhang, S. Berson, S. Herzog and S. Jamin, “Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) – Version 1 Functional Specification,” RFC 2205 on IETF, Sep. 1997. [Bernet00] V. Bernet, R. Yavatkar, P. Ford, F. Baker, L. Zhang, M. Speer, R. Braden, B. Davie, J. Wroclawski, E. Felstaine, “A Framework for Integrated Services Operation over Diffserv Networks,” RFC 2998 on IETF, Nov. 2000. [Caceres99] R. Caceres and V. N. Padmanabhan, “Fast and Scalable Wireless Handoffs in Supports of Mobile Internet Audio,” ACM Mobile Networking and Applications (MONET), pp. 351-363, Vol. 3, Issue 4, 1999. [Calhoun00] P. Calhoun, “FA Assisted Hand-off,” Internet Draft on IETF, Mar. 2000. [Camp02] T. Camp, J. Boleng, V. Davies, “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol.2, no.5, pp. 483-502, 2002. [Chang00a] R. Chang and A. Chu, “Supporting quality of service communications for mobile hosts with advanced resource reservations,” Journal of Internet Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.1-10, 2000. [Chang00b] R. Chang and H.-Y. Lu, “Predictive resource reservation in wireless cellular networks,” in Proceedings of the ICS Workshop on Computer Networks, Internet and Multimedia, pp.130-137, Dec. 2000. [Chen00] W. Chen and L. Huang, “RSVP mobility support: A signaling protocol for integrated services Internet with mobile hosts,” 15th Conference of IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Vol. 3, pp.1283-1292, Mar. 2000. [Chiruvolu99] G. Chiruvolu, A. Agrawal and M. Vandenhoute, “Mobility and QoS support for IPv6-based real-time wireless Internet traffic,” in Proceedings of 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 1, pp.334-338, June 1999. [Demers89] A. Demers, S. Keshav and S. Shenker, “Design and Analysis of a Fair Queueing Algorithm,” in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM’89, Sep. 1989. [DynMIP] “Dynamics MIP - HUT Mobile IP implementation,” available at http://www.cs.hut.fi/Research/Dynamics. [Foo00] C.C. Foo and K.C. Chua, “Implementing resource reservations for mobile hosts in the Internet using RSVP and mobile IP,” in Proceedings of IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1323–1327, May 2001.

  42. References (Cont’d) [Grossman02] D. Grossman, “New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv,” RFC 3260 on IETF, Apr. 2002. [Gustafson02] E. Gustafsson, A. Jonson, and C. E. Perkins, “Mobile IP Regional Registration,” Internet Draft on IETF, Oct. 2002. [HPMIP] M. Rodriguez, “An implementation of Mobile IP under Linux,” available at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/MobileIP. [Hsu99] L. Hsu, R. Purnadi and S.S.P. Wang, “Maintaining quality of service (QoS) during handoff in cellular system with movement prediction schemes,” in Proceedings of 50th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 2153–2157, Sep. 1999. [ISIRSVP] “RSVP Code rel4.2a3,” available at ftp://ftp.isi.edu/rsvp/release. [Jain98] R. Jain, T. Raleigh, C. Graff and M. Bereschinsky, “Mobile Internet access and QoS guarantees using mobile IP and RSVP with location registers,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Vol. 3, pp. 1690–1695, June 1998. [Jeon05] H. Jeon, M. Kim and K. Lee, “Link Layer Assisted Multicast-based Mobile RSVP (LM-MRSVP),” LNCS 3391, The International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) 2005, pp.45-462, Jan. 2005. [Johnson04] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, “Mobility Support in IPv6,” RFC 3775 on IETF, June 2004. [Koh00] C. Koh, S. J. Leu, R. S. Chang and W. N. Yang, “Supporting QoS in networks with mobile hosts,” Journal of Computers, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp.46-54, June 2000. [Koodli05] R. Koodli, “Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6,” RFC 4068 on IETF, July 2005. [Kuo00] G. Kuo and P. Ko, “Dynamic RSVP for mobile IPv6 in wireless networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 455–459, May. 2000. [Lee02] M. Lee, K. Lee, T. C. Thang, N. N. Thanh, M. Kim, Y. Ro, J. Lee, “MPEG Streaming over Mobile Internet”, IS&T/SPIE’s 14th Annual Symposium,Electronic Imaging 2002, Jan. 2002. [Lee03a] K. Lee, M. Kim, S. T. Chanson, C. Yu, J. Lee, “CORP- A Method of Concatenation and Optimization for Resource Reservation Path in Mobile Internet”, IEICE Transactions on Communications, pp.479-489, Vol. E86-B, No. 2, Feb. 2003. [Lee03b] E. Lee, S. Byun and M. Kim, "A Translator between Integrated Service/RSVP and Differentiated Service for End-to-End QoS," in Proceedings of IEEE 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT 2003), Vol. 2, pp.1394-1401, Feb. 2003. [Levine97] D. A. Levine, I. F. Akyildiz and M. Naghshineh, “A resource estimation and call admission algorithm for wireless multimedia networks using the shadow cluster concept,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 5(1), pp. 1-12, Feb. 1997. [LinMIP] MosquitoNet Mobile Computing Group, “Linux Mobile IP,” available at http://mosquitonet.stanford.edu/mip/index.html. [Lucent98] Lucent Technologies Inc., “Roaming With WaveLAN/IEEE 802.11,” WaveLAN Technical Bulletin 021/A, Dec. 1998.

  43. References (Cont’d) [Mahadevan98] I. Mahadevan and K. Sivalingam, “An experimental architecture for providing QoS guarantees in mobile networks using RSVP,” in Proceedings of The 9th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Vol. 1, pp. 50–54, Sep. 1998. [Mahadevan00] I. Mahadevan and K. Sivalingam, “Architecture and Experimental Results for Quality of Service in Mobile Networks using RSVP and CBQ,” ACM Wireless Networks 6, pp. 221-234, Jul. 2000. [Mahmoodian99] A. Mahmoodian and G. Haring, “A resource allocation mechanism to provide guaranteed service to mobile multimedia applications,” in Proceedings of 1st IEEE Workshop on Internet Technologies and Services, pp.9–17, Oct. 1999. [Malki02] K. Malki, P. Calhoun, T. Hiller, J. Kempf, P. McCann, A. Singh, H. Soliman, S. Thalanany, “Low Latency Handoffs in Mobile IPv4,” Internet Draft on IETF, Jun. 2002. [McCann05] P. McCann, “Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers for 802.11 Networks,” RFC 4260 on IETF, Nov. 2005. [MGEN] “The Multi-Generator Tool,” available at http://pf.itd.nrl.navy.mil/mgen. [Moon01] B. Moon and H. Aghvami, “RSVP extensions for real-time services in wireless mobile networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp.52–59, Dec. 2001. [MpegTV] “The Mpeg TV Player,” available at http://www.mpegtv.com. [NS2] “The Network simulator – NS-2,” available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns. [ORINOCO] “MPL/GPL drivers for the WaveLAN IEEE/Orinoco and others,” available at http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Jean_Tourrilhes/Linux/Orinoco.html. [Pasklis01] S. Pasklis, A. Kaloxylos and E. Zervas, “An efficient QoS Scheme for Mobile Hosts,” in Proceedings of 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Network (LCN 2001), pp. 630-637, 2001. [Perkins96] C. E. Perkins, “IP Mobility Support,” RFC 2002 on IETF, Oct. 1996. [Perkins98] C. E. Perkins, Mobile IP – Design Principles and Practices, Addison-Wesley, 1998. [Perkins99] C. E. Perkins, “Route Optimization in mobile IP,” Internet Draft on IETF, Feb. 1999. [Postel81] J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” STD 5, RFC 791 on IETF, Sep. 1981. [Rosen01] E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, and R. Callon, “Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture,” RFC 3031 on IETF, Jan. 2001. [Stevens94] W. R. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 – The Protocols, Addison-Wesley, 1994. [Stevens98] W. R. Stevens, Unix Network Programming – Networking APIs: Sockets and XTI, Prentice Hall, 1998. [Talukdar97] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, A. Acharya, “On Accommodating Mobile Hosts in an Integrated Services Packet Network,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 97, Vol. 3, Apr. 1997. [Talukdar99]A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath and A. Acharya, “Integrated services packet networks with mobile hosts: Architecture and performance”, Journal of Wireless Networks, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 1999.

  44. References (Cont’d) [Talukdar01] A. K. Talukdar, B. R. Badrinath, A. Acharya, “MRSVP: a resource reservation protocol for an integrated service networks with mobile hosts”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.7, Issue 1, Jan. 2001. [Terzis99] A. Terzis, M. Srivastava, L. Zhang, “A Simple QoS Signaling Protocol for Mobile Hosts in the Integrated Service Internet,” in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 99, Vol. 3, Mar. 1999. [Terzis00] A. Terzis, J. Krawczyk, J. Wroclawski and L. Zhang, “RSVP operation over IP tunnels,” RFC 2746 on IETF, Jan. 2000. [Tseng03] C. Tseng, G. Lee, and R. Liu, “HMRSVP: A Hierarchical Mobile RSVP Protocol”, ACM Wireless Networks, Vol.9 Issue 2, Mar. 2003. [VAT] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, “Visual Audio Tool,” available at http://www-nrg.ee.lbl.gov/vat. [Wang01] Z. Wang, Internet QoS – Architectures and Mechanisms for Quality of Service, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2001. [Wang05] J. Wang, J. Yang and C. Tseng, "An Intelligent Agent-based Mobile Resource Reservation Scheme," in Proceedings of the 2005 11th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'05), July 2005. [WaveLAN] “WaveLAN,” available at http://www.agere.com/client/wlan.html. [Wittmann00] R. Wittmann and M. Zitterbart, Multicast Communication – Protocols and Applications, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2000. [WLMAC99] Wireless LAN Working Group, “Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications”, ISO/IEC 8802.11:1999(E), IEEE Standard 802.11 1999 Edition, Aug. 1999. [Zhang93] L. Zhang, S. Deering, D. Estrin, S. Shenker and D. Zappala, “RSVP: A new resource reservation protocol”, IEEE Network, Vol. 7, Issue 5, Sep. 1993.

  45. R5 R4 R3 R1 R2 Appendix 1. • Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP) resv resv path Receiver2 path Sender Sender (port) Receiver (port) Tspec phop path resv Sender (port) Receiver (port) Flowspec phop Tspec: traffic spec requested by sender Flowspec: reservation requirements to routers phop: previous hop Receiver1 • RFC 2205 on IETF • Signaling protocol for resource reservation in IntServ networks • Resources are reserved along a fixed path in the reverse direction that a path message has been delivered (receiver-initiated approach)

  46. Appendix 2. • RSVP message invisibility • Protocol ID = 46 (RSVP) • RSVP signal messages are encapsulated within an IP-in-IP tunnel • Intermediate routers cannot reserve the requested resources MH: mobile host HA: home agent FA: foreign agent

  47. Appendix 3. • Triangle routing problem FA IP tunnel • RSVP resv messages should be directed to pass an IP tunnel • Modifications required to RSVP • Inefficiency in resource consumptions due to non-optimal routing path 2.resv MH HA an optimal routing path 1.path CH

  48. BS MH BS MH BS BS CH CH Appendix 4. • Reservation path invalidation cannot guarantee requested QoS! R R R R move Wireless cell A Wireless cell B Wireless cell A Wireless cell B Traffic routing path Reserved path BS: Base station

  49. Appendix 5. • Advance reservation-based approaches • Proactively reserves resources at all neighbor locations • MRSVP [Talukdar99,01], RSVP path extension [Mahadevan98,00], Dynamic resource sharing [Mahmoodian99], Multicast-based approach [Chen00], HMRSVP [Tseng03], IARSVP [Wang05] • Excessive reservation requirements for advance reservations (several times higher than active reservation)

  50. Appendix 6. • Cross-layer interaction CST: cell switching threshold CSP: cell searching point SNR: signal-to-noise ratio

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