Notes #6-B Chapter 14

1. Notes #6-BChapter 14 Immigration & Urbanization (1870—1914)

2. SSUSH12— The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

3. SSUSH12— The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction. Chapter 14 – Overview New immigrants came to the United States in the late 19th century leading to increased urbanization and industrialization in the North. Eventually, the rise in population led to the development of mass culture in the United States.

4. “New Immigrants” – Immigrants who arrived from Eastern and Southern Europe (1870—1914). New nationalities included Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Italians, etc. “Old Immigrants” – Immigrants who arrived from Northern and Western Europe (1630—1860). Old nationalities included English, German, Irish, Scots, etc. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

5. Push factors – Poor economic conditions, wars, religious discrimination and other factors that force people to emigrate from a nation. Pull factors – Good economic conditions, peace, religious freedom, and other factors that motivate people to immigrate into a nation. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

6. 1. Why did immigrants come to the United States, and what impact did they have on society? Immigrants came to the United States . . . Opportunity to own land. To find better-paying jobs. For religious and political freedom. They were pushed from their homelands by political upheaval, religious persecution, wars, or land reform. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

7. The Journey to America – Passage on ships was the only means of travel in the late 19th century into the 20th century. Many immigrants traveled as steerage (third class accommodations aboard steamships). b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

8. Angel Island – Immigration station located in San Francisco Bay where Asian immigrants (mainly third-class passengers) would arrive to be processed. Many Angel Island immigrants had to wait weeks to be processed and lived in poor conditions until released. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

9. Ellis Island – Opening in 1892 , immigration station located in New York Harbor where European immigrants (mainly third-class passengers) would arrive to be processed. First-class and second-class passengers were usually inspected on the ship and released. About 2% were denied entry and sent back to the nation of origin. Many new immigrants remained in New York City or traveled to other eastern cities for economic or social reasons. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

10. Ellis Island b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

11. Ellis Island b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

12. Assimilation for Immigrants – The majority of immigrants lived in ethnic neighborhoods with people who shared their native language, religion, and culture. Settlementhouses offered Americanization programs to help immigrants develop some skills, learn English, and adopt to American styles of dress and diet. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

13. 2. How did the views of settlement house workers differ from Nativists over the issue of immigration? Settlementhouseworkers welcomed immigrants and helped them adjust to the life in the United States. Nativists resented the arrival of immigrants and sometimes acted with hostility toward them. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

14. Assimilation for Immigrants b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

15. E Pluribus Unum – Phrase which means, “from many, one” which indicates the unique blend of the culture of the United States. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

16. “Melting Pot” – Many immigrants held on to their traditions and culture, while adding to the culture of the United States. This blend of cultures created one distinct American culture (E Pluribus Unum). Nativism – The belief that native-born citizens of the United States were superior to newcomers. Rose due to the competition for jobs, fear of religion, and change. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

17. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – Act passed by Congress and signed by President Chester Arthur. Prohibited immigration from China, limited the rights of Chinese immigrants already in the United States, and forbade them from becoming naturalized citizens. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

18. Urbanization – The rapid growth of cities which occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to the number of immigrants from other nations and rural immigrants seeking jobs in the city. Cities Offer Advantages – Cities became manufacturing and transportation centers clustered in the Northeast, Midwest, and West Coast regions. Many new professional service jobs opened to the middle-class were being created in downtown areas. Many colleges, museums, public schools, libraries, residences, offices, entertainment, and residences were located in large cities. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

19. Technology Changes the Urban Landscape – Cities benefited from innovations such as transportation improvements (electric trolleys and subways). Building codes allowed for a systematic creation of building construction and planning. Steel improvements allowed for taller buildings creating defining city skylines. Central heating systems were placed in buildings beginning in the 1880s along with improvements to elevators. Mass transit connected many areas with the central business district. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

20. Technology Changes the Urban Landscape b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

21. Rise of Suburbs – Areas formed around urban centers which utilized mass transit to travel to the central business district, entertainment, and other urban areas. Frederick Law Olmsted – Civil engineer who developed “green spaces” in urban areas. His work included the design of parks in Detroit and Washington D.C. Central Park in New York City was his most famous work. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

22. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States. Frederick Law Olmsted

23. Urban Living Creates Problems – Housing conditions deteriorated as the poor began to settle in residences close to factories. Most immigrants and city poor lived in tenements (low-cost, multi-family housing). Sewer problems arose with overcrowded tenements and new construction with indoor plumbing. Sanitation became an issue as trash, rats, filth, and even dead horses caused problems. Fire, crime, and ethnic conflict all arose in large urban populations. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

24. Urban Living Creates Problems b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

25. 3. What challenges did city-dwellers face and how did they meet them? Challenges included . . . Crowded, substandard tenement living. Filthy city streets. Dangers from fires in crowded tenements. Street crime and violence. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

26. 3. (Continued . . .) What challenges did city-dwellers face and how did they meet them? Solutions included . . . City-regulated housing. Creation of city sanitation departments. Installation of new sewer systems. Professional fire departments. City police departments. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

27. Mark Twain – 19th century writer who used satire to describe life in the United States (real name was Samuel Clemmons). Famous works included The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and other stories of life on the Mississippi River. Coined the phrase, “Gilded Age” with his novel sharing the same name. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

28. “Gilded Age” – The term used to describe last decades of the 19th century (1880s—1890s) in which the United States was considered to have had a rotten core covered with “golden paint.” b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

29. New Lifestyles Change Culture – Despite authors like Mark Twain, many in the 19th century believed the United States was entering a golden age. The increase in shopping, sports, newspaper readership, magazines, and the development of a defining “American Culture” distinct from other nations. Conspicuous Consumption – The buying of the new products developed during the late 19th century by the wealthy, middle-class, and poor. Only the very poorest could not afford many of the new luxuries. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

30. Mass Culture – The effects if transportation, communication, and advertising of new products increased the standard of living of most Americans. The style of clothing, product consumption, and other cultural traits by the population at-large brought about the phenomenon of “mass culture.” b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

31. Newspapers – The newspaper of the Gilded Age reflected and help create the mass culture of the age. Competition for readership led to more improved methods for selling newspapers (use of multi-sections and advertisement). b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States. “Newspaper Row"New YorkCity, 1890

32. Joseph Pulitzer – Hungarian immigrant and veteran of the Civil War. Moved to NYC after engaging in Missouri politics. Editor of the New York World newspaper who believed in informing people and stirring controversy to sell newspapers. He used sensational writing and filled his paper with politics, comics, sports, and illustrations. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

33. William Randolph Hearst – Editor of the New York Journal who also used a sensationalized writing style to sell newspapers. Competition in NYC led to an all out battle for readership and methods of selling papers. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

34. Education – Public education in the Northeast spread to other areas around the nation (including the South). The increase in education led to an increase in literacy. The introduction of kindergarten and the creation of high schools increased the age of school-aged students. Schools were used to Americanize immigrants and vocational classes (woodworking and science) prepared many for work. New classes taught in schools included civics, history, English, and business to prepare graduates for the workforce. b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

35. 7. What types of subjects did government high schools in the early 1900s emphasize and why? Subjects included . . . Science and woodworking to teach skills for the workforce. History, English, and civics to Americanize immigrants and shape them to become good citizens. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 4)

36. New Forms of Entertainment – Amusement parks located near urban centers (e.g. Coney Island). Outdoor events and traveling shows (e.g. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show). Vaudeville shows were musical dramas and comedy. Spectator Sports became popular: - Professional baseball leagues - University football clubs. - Boxing b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

37. Vaudeville – b. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to Southern and Eastern Europe, and the impact of this change on urban United States.

38. 4. What led many rural Americans to migrate to the cities in the 1890s? Rural Americans were attracted to cities due to the following . . . A wider range of available jobs and other opportunities were available. They had more hope of improving their standard of living and moving into the middle class. They wanted access to better educational opportunities. They had access to cultural and social activities that city-life offered. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

39. 5. What luxuries did the cities offer for the rapidly expanding “middle class” of the 1890s? Cities offered the middle class . . . A wider range of goods. Factory-made clothing. Prepackaged-food. Indoor plumbing. Access to new forms of entertainment such as parks and silent pictures. “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 3)

40. 6. Could the United States be considered a “land of opportunity” between 1870—1900? Explain your answer. Answer this one on your own! “Immigration & Urbanization” (p. 4)