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Some Useful Verbs Created with suru The Subject Particle ga The Direct Object Particle o

Class Session 11a Chapter 7. Some Useful Verbs Created with suru The Subject Particle ga The Direct Object Particle o Indicating the Location of Activity with the Particle de Indicating Tools, Means, and Methods with the Particle de The Conjunction sore kara The Verb to Give.

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Some Useful Verbs Created with suru The Subject Particle ga The Direct Object Particle o

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  1. Class Session 11a Chapter 7 • Some Useful Verbs Created with suru • The Subject Particle ga • The Direct Object Particle o • Indicating the Location of Activity with the Particle de • Indicating Tools, Means, and Methods with the Particle de • The Conjunction sore kara • The Verb to Give Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  2. Some Useful Verbs Created with suru • Another category of verbs in Japanese are the so-called “Chinese verbs” • This method of verb formation is similar to the na-adjectives formed from Chinese words • Verbs are formed by adding the Japanese verb suru (to do) to a Chinese word • (which is nearly always at least two characters) • Examples: • 勉強するbenkyō suru to study • 運転するunten suru to drive • 練習するrenshū suru to practice • 留学するryūgaku suru to study abroad • Today, many verbs are also created from non-Chinese sources using the same technique, but the first part of the new verb is written in katakana • コピーkopii suru to copy • キャンセル kyanseru suru to cancel • When conjugating one of these verbs only the suru part is modified Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  3. The Subject Particle ga (p119-120) • In both Japanese and English any verb can take a subject noun in a sentence • In English, the subject is not marked, but is identified by its position in the sentence • In English a subject is a noun or a noun-phrase that occurs before the verb • The subject is marked by the particle ga in Japanese; in the following sentence • yamada-san is the subject: • yamada-san ga kimasu. Mr. Yamada will come. • “If the subject is also the topic of the sentence at the same time, it is marked by the • topic particle wa and the particle ga is deleted.”1 • yamada-san wa kimasu. As for Ms. Yamada, (she) will come. • ------------------------------------ • 1Dr. Sato is trying to simplify one of the most perplexing points of Japanese grammar here. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  4. The Direct Object Particle o • The direct object in English occurs right after the verb • Only some verbs can take a direct object (i.e., transitive verbs) • s v o • someone makes something • Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object : • s v prepositional phrase • He will go to Tokyo • Removing the “to” from the prepositional phrase “to Tokyo”does not make “Tokyo” a • direct object because “go” is an intransitive verb and cannot have a direct object • In Japanese, the direct object is marked with the particle o • sushi o tabemasu. (I) will eat sushi. • shinbun o yomimasu. (I) will read (a, the) newspaper. • tanaka-san o shōtai shimasu. (I) will invite Mr. Tanaka. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  5. The Direct Object Particle o • In English, if we rearrange this sentence: • Jack threw the ball • s v o • to read • The ball threw Jack • s v o • We completely change the meaning because word relationships in an English sentence are based on the positions they take • In Japanese, word order is flexible because noun function is marked by particles (i.e., particles are attached to the words they are associated with) • As long as the verb is at the end of the sentence, other words can be in any order: • ane ga tenpura o tsukurimasu . My older sister will make tenpura. • tenpura o ane ga tsukurimasu. My older sister will make tenpura. • For many Japanese verbs there are both transitive and intransitive types Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  6. Indicating the Location of Activity with the Particle de • The particle de is used to mark the location of activity: • shūmatsu wa toshokan de benkyō suru. • I will study at the library on weekends. • ashita wa tanaka-san no uchi de bangohan o tabemasu. • Tommorow I will have dinner at Mr. Tanaka’s house. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  7. Indicating Tools, Means, and Methods with the Particle de • The particle de is also used to mark the tools, means, and methods for a given action: • hashi de tabemasu. (I) eat with chopsticks. • fude de tegami o kakimasu. (I) write letters with a writing brush. • terebi de eiga o mimasu. (I) watch movies on television. • onrain de hon o kaimasu. (I) will buy a book on-line. • nihon-go de hanashimashō. Let’s talk in Japanese. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  8. The Conjunction sore kara • sore kara (a conjunction) relates two sentences • If the sentences are chronologically ordered sore kara is translated as “and then” • kyō wa kurasu ni ikimasu. sore kara toshokan ni ikimasu. • Today I will go to class. And then I will go to the library. • If the sentences are not chronologically ordered sore kara is translated as “in addition” • shūmatsu wa taitei sōji o shimasu. Sore kara sentaku o shimasu. • On weekends I usually clean. In addition, I do laundry. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  9. Verbs of Giving and Receiving • Japanese verbs of giving and receiving have different forms depending on who is giving the item to whom (i.e., depending on the relationship between the giver and the receiver) as well as the level of formality • This discussion uses the past tense suffix mashita which is really not introduced until • Chapter 8 Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  10. The Verb to Give • The Japanese use two words for to give: • ageru to give (polite) • kureru to give; let one have; to do for one; to be given (humble) • Dr. Sato’s explanation on pages 123-124 in the textbook are not really clear: • “Kureru is used in the following three contexts: • (1) the item is given to the speaker • the item is given to the speaker’s in-group member by the speaker’s out-group member • (3) the item is given to the speaker’s in-group member by the less close in-group member • In all other cases ageru is used” Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  11. The Verb to Give • Dr. Sato continues: • kureru is replaced by kudasaru if the giver is the speaker’s superior • ageru is replaced by sashiageru if the receiver is the speaker’s superior…. • ageru may be replaced by yaru if the recipient is the speaker’s intimate • subordinate (e.g., their children, younger siblings, or pets) Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  12. A Simpler View of the Verbs for Giving • GiverReceiverVerb to Use • 1. 3d person 3d person agemasu • 2. 3d person speaker/family member kuremasu • 3. Speaker/family member 3d person agemasu • 4. Family member speaker kuremasu • Speaker family member agemasu • ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • 6. Speakersuperior sashiagemasu • 7. Superior speaker kudasaimashita Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

  13. Indicating a Recipient with the Particle ni (p124) • The recipient of the giving verb is marked with the particle ni: • Examples: • haha ga watashi ni kirei na nekkuresu o kuremashita. • My mother gave me a pretty necklace. • watashi wa haha ni sukāfu o agemashita. • I gave my mother a scarf. Japanese 1100-L11a-07-15-2012

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