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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century. Timeline. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions. Economic Contraction 1630s/40s --  Silver imports from Amer. Recession, esp. Mediterranean  Italy as econ./manuf. power Population Changes

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

  2. Timeline

  3. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions • Economic Contraction • 1630s/40s --  Silver imports from Amer. • Recession, esp. Mediterranean •  Italy as econ./manuf. power • Population Changes •  60M - 85M 1500-1600 • 1st pop  since Black Death • But: level off &  by 1650 -- war, famine, plague

  4. Cont: Social Crises, War, and Rebellions • The Witchcraft Craze • Witchcraft before the sixteenth and seventeenth century • Medieval Church: Withcraft = Devil Worship • 13C. Inquisition: “Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live” • Increased prosecutions and executions 16-17C • Accusations against witches -- standard elements • Torture routine to elicit confessions • Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions • Religious uncertainty • Social conditions --  communalism,  indivdual property & econ. uncertainty • Women as primary victims -- widows! • Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century

  5. The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) • Background • Religious conflict -- Militant Catholicism vs. Milit. Calvinism • Dynastic-nationalist considerations -- Bourbon (Fr.) vs. Hapsburgs (Sp./HRE) • Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire • Palatine Elector Frederick IV & Protestant Union • Bavarian Maximillian & Catholic League • Prot. Nobility resist centralization of Hapsburgs • Europe’s “most senseless & worthless war”

  6. 30 Yrs War: Four Phases • The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625) • 1617: Haps. Ferdinand = King • But: Calvinists  accpt Ferd’s Militant Catholicism • 1618 Rebellion: nobles defenestrate 2 Haps. Govs. & a Sec’y in Prague Royal Palace -- elect Frederick IV King • Ferd. now HRE -- w/ Maximillian & Cath. League defeat Fred. @ Battle of White Mountain • Spanish invade Palatinate 1622 -- Fred U.P. (Neth.) • Phase I = HRE Victory

  7. Cont: 30 Yrs War: Four Phases • The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629)

  8. The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) • The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648) • Outcomes • Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Social and economic effects

  9. Map 15.1: The Thirty Years’ War

  10. A Military Revolution? • War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe • New Tactics • New Technologies • The Cost of a Modern Military

  11. Rebellions • Peasant Revolts (1590 – 1640) • France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia • Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648) • Switzerland (1656) • Noble Revolts in France (1648 – 1652)

  12. Absolute Monarchy in France • Foundations of French Absolutism • Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642) • Policies and goals • Administrative reforms • Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661) • The Fronde – Noble Revolt

  13. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715) • Administration of the Government • Domination and bribery • Religious Policy • Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) • Financial Issues • Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) • Daily Life at Versailles • Purposes of Versailles • Court life and etiquette • The Wars of Louis XIV • Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartime • Four wars between 1667 – 1713 • Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667) • Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of Strasbourg (1679) • War of the League of Augsburg (1689 – 1697) • War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 1713)

  14. Map 15.2: The Wars of Louis XIV

  15. The Decline of Spain • Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607 • Philip III (1598 – 1621) • Philip IV (1621 – 1665) • Gaspar de Guzman and attempts at reform • The Thirty Years’ War • Expensive military campaigns • Civil War • The Netherlands lost

  16. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe • The German States • The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia • The Hohenzollern Dynasty • Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 – 1688) • Army • General War Commissariat to levy taxes • Frederick III (1688 – 1713) • King of Prussia (1701)

  17. Map 15.4: The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia

  18. The Emergence of Austria • Habsburgs • Leopold I (1658 – 1705) • Expands eastward • Conflicts with the Turks • Siege of Vienna (1683) • Multinational Empire

  19. Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule • Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530) • Spanish Presence (1559 – 1713) • Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession

  20. Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power • Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 – 1584) • First Tsar • Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917) • Stratified Society • Tsar • Landed aristocrats • Peasants and townspeople

  21. Visits the West (1697 – 1698) Reorganizes armed forces Reorganizes central government Divides Russia into provinces Seeks control of the Russian Church Introduces Western Customs Book of Etiquettes Positive Impact of Reforms on Women “Open a window to the West” Attacks Sweden Battle of Narva (1700) Great Northern War (1701 – 1721) Battle of Poltava (1709) Peace of Nystadt (1721) Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia St. Petersburg The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 – 1725)

  22. The Winter Palace – St. Petersburg, Russia

  23. Map 15.5: Russia: From Principality to Nation-State

  24. The Great Northern States • Denmark • Military losses • Bloodless revolution of 1660 • Sweden • Gustavus Adolphus (1611 – 1632) • Christina (1633 – 1654) • Charles XI (1697 – 1718)

  25. The Ottoman Empire and the Limits of Absolutism • The Ottoman Empire • Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566) • Attacks against Europe • Advances in the Mediterranean • Ottomans viewed as a European Power • New Offensives in the second half of the 17th century • The Limits of Absolutism • Power of rulers not absolute • Local institutions still had power • Power of the aristocracy

  26. Map 15.6: The Ottoman Empire

  27. The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic • The United Provinces • Internal Dissension • The House of Orange and the Stadholders • The States General opposes the House of Orange • William III (1672 – 1702) • Trade damaged by wars • Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam • Reasons for prosperity

  28. England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy • James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart • Divine Right of Kings • Parliament and the power of the purse • Religious policies • The Puritans • Charles I (1625 – 1649) • Petition of Right • “Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet • Religious policy angers Puritans

  29. Civil War (1642 – 1648) • Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) • Parliament abolishes the monarchy • Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653) • Cromwell divides country into 11 regions • Cromwell dies (1658)

  30. Restoration & a Glorious Revolution • Charles II (1660 – 1685) • Declaration of Indulgence (1672) • Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices • James II (1685 – 1688) • Devout Catholic • Declaration of Indulgence (1687) • Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne • Catholic son born in 1688 • Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade England • James II, wife and son flee to France • Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689) • Bill of Rights • The Toleration Act of 1689

  31. Responses to the Revolution • Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) • Leviathan (1651) • People form a commonwealth • People have no right to rebel • John Locke (1632 – 1704) • Two Treatises of Government • Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property • People and sovereign form a government • If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt

  32. The Flourishing of European Culture • The Changing Faces of Art • Mannerism and Baroque • Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680) • Throne of Saint Peter • Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 – 1653) • Judith Beheading Holofernes • French Classicism and Dutch Realism • French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance and harmony of design • Dutch Realism: realistic portrayals of secular, everyday life • Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1699)

  33. The Baroque Trevi Fountain in Rome

  34. A Wondrous Age of Theater • Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580 – 1640) • William Shakespeare (1564 – 1614) • The Globe Theater • Lord Chamberlain’s Company • Spanish Theater • Lope de Vega (1562 – 1635) • Wrote 1500 plays – about 1/3 survive • French Theater (1630s to 1680s) • Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 – 1673) • The Misanthrope • Tartuffe

  35. Discussion Questions • Why were so many women targeted during the witchcraft craze? • How did the Thirty Years’ War affect the different participants? • Was French absolutism truly absolute? Why or why not? • What purposes did Versailles serve? • How did Western ideas influence the reign of Peter the Great in Russia? • What gains did Parliament make at the expense of the monarchy during the course of the seventeenth century? • How did English political thinkers react to the the English revolutions? • How did the art and plays that emerged after the Renaissance reflect the societies of their day?

  36. Web Links • The Museum of Witchcraft • Chateau Versailles • The Thirty Years War Homepage • The State Hermitage Museum – St. Petersburg, Russia • Thomas Hobbes • Renaissance and Baroque Architecture • Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet • National Drama: Spain to 1700

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