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Immunity

Immunity . Aki, Fergus, Amber. Active Immunity. Active immunity is the production of antibodies against a specific agent by the immune system. A cquired in one of two ways: By contracting an infectious disease such as chickenpox or measles.

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Immunity

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  1. Immunity Aki, Fergus, Amber

  2. Active Immunity Active immunity is the production of antibodies against a specific agent by the immune system. Acquired in one of two ways: • By contracting an infectious disease such as chickenpox or measles. • By receiving a vaccination for a disease such as polio.

  3. Passive Immunity • Immunity is produced by the transfer to one person of antibodies that were produced by another person. • An example of this is the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her baby through breast feeding (breast milk).

  4. Natural Immunity • Immunity produced without the help of vaccines.

  5. Artificial Immunity • Immunity given to a person with the help of a vaccine.

  6. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies • Antigens that correspond to a desired antibody are injected into an animal. • B-cells producing the desired antibody are extracted. • Tumor cells are obtained from another source (tumor cells grow and divide endlessly). • B-cells are fused with tumor cells, producing hybridoma cells that divide endlessly, providing the desired antibodies. • The hybridoma cells are cultured and antibodies they produce are extracted and purified.

  7. Use in Diagnosis and Treatment • Monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect even the smallest amount of toxins, drugs, hormones, etc. • Detection of AIDS  ELISA test • Pregnancy  pregnancy test containing antibodies to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

  8. Use in Diagnosis and Treatment (cont.) • Monoclonal antibodies are used to cure diseases that were traditionally considered ‘untreatable’ • Some newly developed methods can even target only the cell membranes of cancerous cells • There is evidence to suggest that monoclonal antibodies can lead to the cure for AIDS

  9. Use in Diagnosis and Treatment (cont.) • Monoclonal antibodies can be used as tracing devices • They can be used to trace and identify specific cells or molecules in an organism • Monoclonal antibodies can be used to alleviate the problem of organ rejection in people who have had organ transplants

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