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Protein Synthesis

Explore how DNA and RNA play crucial roles in the synthesis of proteins and the inheritance of genetic traits through this comprehensive overview of molecular genetics. Understand the process of transcription and translation, central dogma, genetic code, and more.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis Georgia Performance Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits?

  2. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Helix explains how DNA can be replicated does not explain how a gene works. Nucleus (eukaryote) Cytoplasm (prokaryote) DNA Polymerase Deoxyribose Sugar PO4-3 group Nitrogenous base Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Nucleic Acid Review

  3. RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Single stranded In cytoplasm RNA Polymerase mRNA (codon) tRNA (anticodon) rRNA Ribose sugar PO4-3 group Nitrogenous base Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine Nucleic Acid Review

  4. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Central Dogma: DNA  RNA Protein • RNA • Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil • Usually is single stranded

  5. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Messenger RNA (mRNA) = the codon • Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) = the anticodon • Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome

  6. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein

  7. Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Bringamino acids toribosome Combine with proteins tRNA (anticodon) mRNA (Codon) Carry instructions rRNA DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to from to to make up Go to Section:

  8. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12

  9. Molecular Genetics • DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerasebinds to a specific section where an mRNA will be synthesized. Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Transcription • Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus.

  10. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein RNA Processing • The code on the DNA is interrupted periodically by sequences that are not in the final mRNA. • Intervening sequences are called introns. • Remaining pieces of DNA that serve as the coding sequences are called exons. DNA and Genes

  11. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein The Code • Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was a three-base code. • The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.

  12. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Translation • In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence. • At the middle of the folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence called the anticodon. • Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA.

  13. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein

  14. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12

  15. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein One Gene—One Enzyme • The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. We now know that one gene codes for one polypeptide.

  16. Genes are sequences of DNA that code for the production of proteins in the cell. mRNA (codon) enters the nucleus RNA polymerase copies part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA (transcription) DNA: CCC-TAG-GAT-GTA-CGC mRNA: GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG Video Clip Protein Synthesis Overview:

  17. mRNA goes through the nuclear pores to take that copy to the ribosome, which is in the cytoplasm. tRNA (anticodon) reads the mRNA (codon) and transfers amino acids to make proteins (translation) mRNA: GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG tRNA: CCC-UAG-GAU-GUA-CGC Glyine-Isoleusine-Leucine-Histidine-Alanine Video Clip Protein Synthesis Overview:

  18. Sequence of Events: 1. Initiation: • RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on DNA. • tRNA binds to a specific start codon (AUG) on mRNA while transferring methionine to the AUG codon • Ribosome binds to the mRNA 2. Elongation: explained later 3. Termination: explained later

  19. Elongation: • The ribosome joins amino acids together through peptide bonds. • The ribosome moves along the mRNA binding new tRNA and amino acid molecules.

  20. Termination: • The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. • UGA • UAG • UAA

  21. The Genetic Code: • Because there are four different bases, there are 64 possible three-base codons (4 × 4 × 4 = 64). • Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon. • For example, six different codons specify the amino acid leucine, and six others specify arginine.

  22.  The Genetic Code

  23. The Big Picture… • What do proteins have to do with genetic traits? • Proteins=enzymes=catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. • Gene=codes for an enzyme=produce pigmentation • Genes=code for proteins=regulate the rate and pattern of growth • DNARNAProteins= control all cellular processes

  24. List the three main types of RNA. What happens during transcription? What happens during translation? 4. Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA. 5. Using the genetic code, identify the amino acids that have the following messenger RNA strand codes: UGGCAGUGC. Descriptive Writing (Alternate) An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its résumé. This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and could, with some structural changes, function as either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. The résumé you create should reflect the qualifications needed for each type of RNA. Check for Understanding:

  25. Protein Synthesis • Georgia Performance Standards: • Compare and contrast the structure and function of • DNA and RNA • Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting • cellular information Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits?

  26. Choice 1: Venn diagram Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Indicate location, structure, & function Choice 2: Descriptive Writing An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its résumé. This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and could, with some structural changes, function as either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. The résumé you create should reflect the qualifications needed for each type of RNA. Warm-up (Choose one):

  27. Formative Assessment Review • Below, you are given a DNA sequence. Transcribe the correct mRNA (codon) sequence. Use the genetic code to determine the correct tRNA (anticodon) sequence. Translate the correct amino acid sequence from the mRNA codon. • Hints: DNA (A-T and G-C)RNA (A-U and G-C) • The codon codes for the amino acid sequence DNA = GGG-ATC-CTA-CAT-GCG mRNA (codon) = tRNA (anticodon) = Amino Acids =

  28. RIBOSOME GAME DNA =CTA-CTG-GTG-CTT-CTC-CGA-CGG-CGT-TTA-TTT-CCC-GCG-GTG-CTT mRNA = GAU-GAC-CAC-GAA-GAG-GCU-GCC-GCA-AAU-AAA-GGG-CGC-CAC-GAA tRNA =CUA-CUG-CUC-CUU-CUC-CGA-CGG-CGU-UUA-UUU-CCC-GCG-GUG-CUU AMINO ACIDS= ASP-ASP-HIS-GLU-GLN-GLU-ALA-ALA-ASN-LYS-GLY-ARG-HIS-GLU

  29. Protein DNA polymerase RNA polymerase Plasmid Chromosome mRNA tRNA rRNA Promoter Initiation Avery Hershey & Chase Prokaryote Eukaryote Deoxyribose sugar Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Uracil Gene Chargoff Single stranded Cytoplasm Nucleus Double helix Termination Griffith Ribose Sugar Word Wall: • Watson & Crick • Rosalind Franklin • Transformation • Base pairing • Nucleotide • Chromatin • Histone • Replication • Transcription • Translation • Codon • Anticodon • Phosphate • Elongation

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