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The Second Revolution

The Second Revolution. Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792. Dominated by middle class, but more radical than National Assembly. King vetoed many measures. New Factions Emerge: Jacobins : political club that dominated Legislative Assembly

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The Second Revolution

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  1. The Second Revolution Liberté, égalité, fraternité.

  2. Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792 • Dominated by middle class, but more radical than National Assembly. • King vetoed many measures. • New Factions Emerge: • Jacobins: political club that dominated Legislative Assembly • Girondins: radical Jacobins who were advanced party of the revolution and brought the country to war. • The Mountain: political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly.

  3. International Opposition • Declaration of Pillnitz, August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria – Attempt to protect royals. • Èmigrès: French nobles who fled France sought support of foreign countries. • Emperor Leopold II declared he would restore gov’t of France if other powers joined him; really a bluff • French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.

  4. War of the First Coalition Legislative Assembly declared war in April, 1792 • Austrian armies defeated French armies but divisions over eastern Europe saved France • Brunswick Manifesto: Prussia & Austria would destroy Paris if royal family harmed • Battle of Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792: Prussian invasion stopped; moral victory for Convention • Battle of Jemappes: first major victory for France; took Austrian Netherlands • But war turned against France by Spring 1793

  5. The Second Revolution Begins • Revolutionary sentiment in the Assembly led by Robespierre, Danton, and Marat • King’s palace stormed at Tuileries on Aug. 10 1792, Swiss Guards killed; king taken prisoner. • Monarchy outlawed. Revolutionaries attempt to make the king wear the red hat at the Tuileries Palace.

  6. Paris Commune • Revolutionary municipal gov’t set up in Paris, which usurped powers of the Legislative Assembly • Led by Georges-Jacques Danton • Legislative Assembly suspended 1791 constitution • September Massacres (led by Paris Commune) • Rumors of aristocratic and clerical conspiracy with foreign invaders led to massacre of over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats

  7. National Convention, 1792-1795 • France proclaimed a republic, September 21, 1792 • Equality, Liberty, Fraternity! • Two factions emerged: • The Mountain: radical republicans (Jacobins); urban class (Danton, Robespierre, Marat) • Girondins: more moderate faction; represented countryside • sans-culottes (“without breeches”): (not part of National Convention) • working-class; extreme radical • kept revolution moving forward: stormed Bastille, march to Versailles, driving king from Tuleries, September Massacres

  8. National Convention - Leaders • Maximilien Robespierre • Rose through strength of character and speech. • Became increasingly radical. • Georges-Jacques Danton • Rose to power through Paris Commune • Became Mister of Justice • Jean-Paul Marat • Voice of the Revolution • Radical, became martyr figure. Danton

  9. National Convention, 1792-1795 • Louis XVI beheaded January, 1793 • Jacques Roux: demanded radical political action to guarantee bread • Mountain ousts Girondins, May 1793: urged to do so by sans-culottes • Enragès, radical working-class group (even more than sans-culottes) seized and arrested Mountain members in the Convention • Charlotte Corday, member of Girondins, kills Marat (martyr) The Death of Marat, by Jacques-Louis David

  10. National Convention - Reforms • Slavery abolished in the French colonies. • Primogeniture abolished. • Metric system enacted. • Estates of émigré nobility sold to peasants. • Military draft instituted and civilian control confirmed. • New calendar enacted – Sept. 22, 1792 day one, year one of French Republic. Calendar had 12 months named after seasons, 10 day weeks.

  11. Committee of Public Safety • Formed in April 6, 1793 as executive emergency gov’t by the National Convention. • Maximilien Robespierre is its primary leader. • Responsible for beginning the Terror. Robespierre

  12. The Reign of Terror (1793-94) • Law of Suspects: Created Revolutionary Tribunals at the local level to hear cases of accused enemies brought to “justice” • guillotine: created as an instrument of mercy. • Queen Marie Antoinette beheaded • Many Girondins executed in September, 1793 • Vendèe: region in western France that opposed revolution; many executed • Danton and followers executed in 1794 • Overall 16,000 victims. • Cult of the Supreme Being: deistic naturalist religion imposed by Robespierre; Catholics now opposed.

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