Ending the Great War

1. Ending the Great War End of 14.3 and 14.4

2. Regions where fighting took place in World War I 1 2 3 12 1 Western European Front 2 Eastern European Front 3 Italian Front 4 Balkan Front 5 Palestine/Syria 6 Iraq 7 Arabia 8 German Togoland 9 German Camaroons 10 German East Africa 11 German Southwest Africa 12 German Pacific Islands 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

5. United States Enters the War • Nationalism Many Americans supported Allies due to cultural ties • Irish Americans opposed British rule of Ireland • Early in 1917, Germans announced unrestricted submarine warfare to end the stalemate • British intercepted Zimmerman Note • Germany would help Mexico “to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona” • April 1917: Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

7. Waging Total War • To wage total war- governments had to take a stronger role in directing the economic and cultural lives of their people • All warring nations imposed universal military conscription • Economic Warfare • Britain formed a blockade of the North Sea- stopped anything from reaching Germany • In retaliation Germany declared it would sink all ships carrying goods to Britain- including the Lusitania

9. Women join the fight • Nurses were on the front lines • US Navy “yeomanettes“ • Marines • Took factory jobs men left behind (Free a man to fight) • At the outbreak of war women suffragists postponed their fight for equality so they could respond to their countries' wartime needs

10. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11. 1918 Flu Pandemic: • Spanish Flu • 1918-1919 • Attacked strong healthy 18-30 year olds • Kills 40-50+ million World wide • 675,000+ in US

13. Serious Economic Problems Battles ruined crop land. Poisons left soil unfit to farm. Civilians died from starvation and disease Food Prices soared. Other Costs of the war reached $338 billion.

14. Percentage (%) increase in the cost of food from 1914 - 1919

15. Revolution in Russia • Many soldiers left front lines to go back home • In March of 1917, there was unrest (a small civil war) and the Czar was forced to resign. • A provisional government was formed. • Support for the war was fading, due the lack of supplies and the large number of men dying (5.5 million either dead or POWs)

16. SOLDIERS ARE JOINING THE REVOLUTION

17. A second revolution strikes in November and Vladimir Ilyich Leninand the Communist seizes control • his first acts is to end the war with Germany 1870-1924

18. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918. Caption: Officers from the staff of Field Marshall von Hindenburg meet the Leo Trotsky and delegation of Soviet Russia

19. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Signed in March 1918 between Russia and Germany ended the Russian involvement in the war. • The treaty forced Russia to give up the land the contained modern day Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

20. At the end of the war the treaty was voided, but those areas will gain their independence. • That will last until the end of WWII and then the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union.

21. End of Imperial Germany • On 8th November 1918, Imperial Germany came to an end when a democratic republic was established. • Though it was intended to have Wilhelm tried as a ‘war criminal’ he was eventually allowed to spend the rest of his life in exile in the Netherlands. He died in 1941.

22. Victory at Last • Germans wanted a decisive victory before Americans arrived to help • Their last attack pushed British back, but exhausted German forces • Americans helped the Allies push German forces out of France and Belgium

23. Colorized photograph, which depicts from left to right: German Admiral Ernst Vanselow, German Count Alfred von Oberndorff (1870 - 1963) of the Foreign Ministry, German army general Detlof von Winterfeldt, British naval captain J.P.R. Marriott, head of the German delegation Center party member of the Reichstag Matthias Erzberger (1875 - 1921) who was later murdered by Freikorps rightists for his role in the Amristice, British Admiral George Hope, British First Sea Lord Sir Rosslyn Wemyss (1864 - 1933), French field marshall Ferdinand Foch (1851 - 1929), and French general Maxime Weygand (1867 - 1965).

24. German government sought an Armistice with the Allies • The Armistice was signed by the allied commander Marshall Foch on - 11:00 A.M. Nov. 11, 1918 (11-11 at 11 am) This photograph was taken after reaching an agreement for the armistice that ended World War I. This is Marshall Ferdinand Foch's own railway carriage and the location is in the forest of Compiègne. Foch is second from the right.

25. Peace Without Victory Wilson’s Plan For Peace

26. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • US President, Woodrow Wilson, anticipated the end of the war and hoped to inspire a peace plan that would solve the long-term problems that caused the war (MAIN). • He drafted a proposal called “The Fourteen Points” • He brings his ideas to the Paris Peace Conference

28. Basics of Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples • Arms reduction • Non-punishment • Freedom of the Seas • No secret treaties • Free and open trade • Formation of the League of Nations-provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without war

29. Map of the World showing the Participants in World War Green: Entente and Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later) Gold : Central Powers  Gray: Neutral Countries*

30. In 1919, the Big 4 met in Paris to negotiate the Treaty(Lloyd George of Great Britain, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.)

31. What did Britain Want • In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. • In private he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. Prime Minister David Lloyd-George

32. Germany should be punished, but not so much that the people would turn to Communism, like what was happening in Russia • The British public wanted severe repercussions for Germany • Had to go with popular opinion, rather than gut feeling

33. What did France want? • to cripple Germany so it couldn't attack France again. • Wanted Germany broken down into smaller states (weakened). • France had suffered the most during the war so Clemenceau was under great pressure from the French people to make Germany pay.

34. What did the US want? • a better and more peaceful world • the right to self-determination. The right to decide which country you wish to be governed by • a League of Nations that would help and support each other and help to promote world peace • The U.S.A. had joined war late (1917) and hadn't suffered as much as the other Allies in terms of human and material costs

35. Paris Peace Conference • Central powers and Russia were not allowed to take part • Treaty of Versailles-created new nations, shifted boundaries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J31vkB4IdS0&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active http://www.history.com/videos/treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i

36. What did Wilson hope the League of Nations would accomplish?

37. Outcome of the Peace Settlements • Self-Determination in Eastern Europe • Poland became independent nation • Baltic states developed • Three new republics rose out of the old Hapsburg heartland • The Mandate System • Victors of the war received over sea territories of the losers • Colonial leaders expected peace would bring an end to imperial rule

38. Anschluss(Combining of Germany and Austria) forbidden forever • League of Nationscreated but Germany not admitted

39. Why was Germany such a BRAT over the Treaty? • Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war (Article 231) • Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war. (33 billion) • Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.   • Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

40. Effects of the Treaty of Versailles

41. Germany: • Territories in Africa and the Pacific were given to the League of Nations to govern; • Alsace-Loraine to France and the French boarder was extended to the Rhine River. (buffer zone) • Polish Corridor giving Poland access to the sea, BUT divided East Prussia from Germany • Saar a large industrial area becomes a protectorate of the France/Allies for 15 years. In 1935 it votes to return back to Germany

43. Austria-Hungary: • Was broken up and declared independent nations of • Austria • Hungary • Czechs and Slovaks formed Czechoslovakia • Croats and Slovenes joined with Serbia to form Yugoslavia • The new Austria was forbidden to unite with Germany • Italy and Romania gained land from the old empire

45. Ottoman Empire: • Gave up all of their territory, except present day Turkey. • New nations of Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan were placed under British control, Syria and Lebanon to France. • Within Turkey, nationalists overthrew the Ottoman sultan • Great Britain “forgot” about its promises to both Arab Muslims and Jews to create an independent homeland for them in their holy lands

47. Russia: • Romania and Poland gained Russian Territory. • Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent nations

48. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 ( five years from the date of the Archduke’s assassination)

49. Treaty’s Weaknesses • Flaws in the treaty sowed the seeds of postwar international problems that eventually lead to WWII • Treaty humiliated Germany • War-Guilt Clause (Article 231)-forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI • No way Germany could pay the bill • Russia was excluded from the peace conference and lost more territory than Germany (Russia had the most causalities in war and fought for 3 years)