CAMPUS SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: ENERGY AUDIT

1. CAMPUS SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: ENERGY AUDIT

2. Lakeview Hall • Completed 2007 • Capacity – 141 • Four Floors • Coed Dorm

3. Thomas Hall • Completed 1914 • Capacity- 109 • 6 Floors

4. Exterior Walls, Insulation, and Interior Leaks

5. Building Envelope • Composed of the outer parts of a building: Foundation, walls, roof, windows, doors and floors • Functions to provide: • Security • Solar and thermal control • Moisture control • Indoor air quality control • Fire resistance • Access to daylight and views

6. Group Task To assess the following: A. Exterior walls B. Insulation • Attic • Walls C. Interior Leaks

7. A. Exterior Wall Materials • On the outside of the building, inspect all areas where building materials meet and note any concerns/problems • Areas inspected: • Exterior corners • Where siding materials meets • Areas where foundation and the bottom of exterior brick or siding meet • Inspect holes or penetrations for faucets, pipes, electric outlets, and wiring • Look for cracks and holes in the mortar, foundation, and siding

8. Exterior Wall Materials - Lakeview • Exterior wall facing Moore Hall • Problem: There is dirt where the foundation and the bottom of the exterior brick or siding meet • Top right corner of entrance facing Moore Hall • Problem: There is a crack between the ceiling and exterior brick wall; not a good seal

9. Exterior Wall Materials - Thomas • Sprinkler system on side wall • Problem: Penetrations • Pipes on side wall • Problem: Hole • Front wall • Problem: Cracks in mortar • Also observed cracks in mortar on side walls

10. Problem with holes and penetrations: • Air leakage (infiltration) • Can cause buildings to use excessive amounts of energy for heating and cooling • Can contribute to an air moisture problem which may lead to the formation of molt and health problems Solution: • Plug and Caulk holes or penetrations

11. B. Insulation • Heat loss through the ceiling and walls in a building can be significant if the insulation levels are less than the recommended minimum • When looking at an older building, it’s important to note that the builder likely installed the amount of insulation recommended at that time • Insulation in older buildings may be inadequate relative to current standards

12. How do you evaluate Insulation? • R-value = a number that represents the ability of a material to resist heat flow • Higher the R-value of a specific insulation, the greater its effectiveness • Calculated by adding up the R-values for each layer of insulation • Minimum required but no maximum • Changes every other year and is usually always increased • Example: -In 2004, minimum R-value was 5.7 -In 2007, R-value was up to 9.5 Lakeview was completed in 2007 and had to meet these standards whereas Thomas Hall was build early 20th century and did not

13. B. Insulation – Walls • Look at cross-sectional views of the buildings • Type(s) • Thickness • R-value existing vs. R-Value recommended

14. Insulation- Walls: Thomas Structure: [listed exterior to interior with R-values in parenthesis] • Film (0.25), 4 layers of Brick (each has an R-Value of 0.65), Plaster wall (0.39), Film (0.68) • Total R-value = 4.17 • Recommended R-value today = 9.5 • Does it meet today’s standards? • -No! However, it likely met the standards when it was built

15. Insulation - Walls: Lakeview Structure: [listed exterior to interior with R-values in parenthesis] Film (0.25), 4” Brick (0.65), 2” air gap (0.87), 2” Rigid Insulation (10), 8” CMU-Block (2.33), 4” Air Gap (0.87), 5/8” Sheetrock (0.56), film (0.68) R-Value Analysis: Total R-Value = 16.21 Recommended R-Value: 9.5 Does it meet recommended R-value standards? -Yes

16. Comparison of Insulation of Walls • Lakeview has a much higher R-value than Thomas • Result: Lakeview is more tightly sealed; less air infiltration • Represents how technology and engineering have come a long way over the last century • Another good example of this is the holes that are found in the exterior layers of brick: Thomas Lakeview

17. Insulation: Attic- Lakeview

18. Insulation: Attic-Thomas • No insulation in attic • 2” concrete slab on top layer of ceiling (R = 1) • Although it may seem weird that concrete was used, this was a common method of insulation when Thomas was built

19. C. Interior Leaks • The potential energy savings from reducing drafts may range from 5% to 30% per year. Look for obvious air leaks (drafts) in the following areas: • Gaps along the baseboard or edge of the flooring • Junctures of the walls and ceilings • Electrical outlets • Switch plates • Window frames • Baseboards • Weather stripping around doors • Fireplace dampers • Attic hatch – is it weather stripped, and does it close tightly? • In the attic, determine whether openings for items such as pipes, ductwork, and chimneys are sealed • Check seals around all electrical boxes in ceiling • Look for gaps around pipes and wires, electrical outlets, and foundation seals. Check to see if the caulking and weather-stripping are applied properly, leaving no gaps or cracks, and are in good condition.

20. Interior Leaks: Thomas Window frames were in good condition, No leaks found However, we found one door with a huge air gap letting in air from the exterior Residents complained of how cold the side of the wall next to their bed got during the winter

21. Interior Leaks: Lakeview vs. Water leak Found 1-2 electrical outlets that were loose from the wall but most were intact and in good condition vs. Baseboards looked okay; no gaps

22. Recommendations • Biggest problem = structure of insulation for Thomas Hall but unless you are going to tear down Thomas, you can’t really change this • Temporary solutions: • Plug and Caulk holes and penetrations • Fix the framing of the door to Thomas • Shouldn’t be too costly or too difficult to do • Investigate origin of the water leak found in Lakeview • Is there a threat for the same type of water leakage to occur elsewhere?

23. Energy Audit of Windows and Doors

24. Significance of Windows and Doors • Efficiency can lower heating bills in the winter and cooling bills in the summer • An energy efficient window… • needs to be two panes thick • have a low-E (emitting) glass coating • an airtight frame • be rated as energy-efficient by the Energy Star Program. • Opting for a vinyl or fiberglass frame to reduce heat transfer and maximize insulation ensures maximum efficiency. • Dual or multiple pane windows: the space between is filled with gases like argon or krypton for insulation.

25. U-Factor • U-Factor: Measures how well a product prevents heat from escaping a home or building • Measuring U-Factor: Ratings generally fall between .20 and 1.20, the lower the better the windows is at keeping heat in

26. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient • Solar Heat Gain coefficient (SHGC): Measures how well a window blocks heat radiating from the sun. • Measure between 0 and 1. The lower the SGHC the better the window is at blocking unwanted heat.

27. Low-Emittance (Low-E) • Low-emittance (Low-E): Blocks significant amounts of heat transfer and reduces total heat flow through a window.

28. Rating a Door’s Energy Efficiency • Unlike windows door’s insulation capabilities are measured through and R-value, which indicates the material’s resistance to heat flow. • The higher the R-value the better the material is at insulating. • Both Thomas and Lakeview have Algoma Hardwood doors. R-value = 3-3.7

29. Lakeview • U-Value of windows is 0.48 • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient is 0.38 • R-Value of doors is from 3-3.7 • Based on desired values for the region these energy efficiency statistics are good. 6700 Series 
   2¼" Frame Depth
    Casement-Projected-Fixed

30. Problem Areas of Lakeview

31. Thomas • U-Value of windows 0.95 • SHGC 0.95 • Based on desired values for the region these energy efficiency statistics are terrible.

32. Problem Areas of Thomas Hall

33. Recommendations Improve sealants on windows • Replace single paned windows in Thomas Hall with the windows that are installed in Lakeview • Replace weather-stripping on doors and windows in Thomas • Place weather-stripping between double doors in Lakeview

34. HVAC and Lighting

35. Background Review • Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) • U.S Department of Energy • Proper Maintenance of HVAC • Better well-being • Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) • Reduce microbial growth • Study of Industrial Workplace • Adequate lighting = safer HVAC

36. Thomas Hall • Few windows– rooms and common room: not hallways • Ceiling lights: square fluorescent • Skinny fluorescent– bathroom and stairwells • Unplugged lamps in basement • Central unit on each floor • Individual unit in each bedroom • Too hot or too cold • “Fan Control” in study lounges

37. Lakeview Hall • CFL and fluorescent– ceiling: circular • Lamps, fixtures and chandeliers • Motion sensors • Several windows—alcove • Share thermostat in suites • Fight to control • Preset thermostats in hallways

38. Comparison vs. vs.

39. Recommendations • Lakeview: • Ecosystem from Lutron • Daylight sensors, IR sensors • Thomas: • Sensors in bathroom, study lounge, laundry room • Geothermal pump

40. Appliance Use & Behavior

41. Average energy consumption in Thomas and Lakeview

42. Where does all this energy come from?

43. Vampire energy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNcHUrg9EQY&feature=player_embedded

44. How much energy are we talking about? • Estimations show that vampire energy represents 20% of US energy consumption. • The actual quantities vary from brand to brand. • Generally older equipment consumes more standby energy. • By using a TV for 4 hours daily and leaving it on standby for the rest of the day, it consumes 50% additional energy.

45. Average standby energy consumption

46. Room Appliances

47. Electricity Consumption/Behavior

48. Thomas hall: Public Space • 2 Lounges • 1 Laundry Room : 6 Washers, 6 Dryers • 3 Vending Machines • 1 Ice Machine

49. Lakeview hall: Public Space • 1 Lounge per Floor • 1 Computer Room • 1 Multipurpose Room • 1 Kitchen • 2 Vending Machines • 1 Ice Machine • 1 Laundry Room Per Floor: 2 Washers, 2 Dryers

50. Case Study- Lakeview • Suite-style (Double/Single) • Double- Two girls • Desk/room lights (4 ea.) • Computer and phone charger** (1 ea.) • iHome* • TV • Fridge and Microwave • Coffee maker* • Printer • 4 power strips