Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things

2. Objectives • Name the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each. • Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment. • Describethe importance of protists in the ocean environment. • Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other. • Explain why insects are such successful animals.

3. Diversity of Life

5. The Diversity of Living Things • Scientists classify organisms into six kingdoms based on different characteristics • Eukaryotic- Cells of animals, plants, fungi, and protists all contain a nucleus • Prokaryotic- Cells of bacteria that do not contain a nucleus

6. Domain Eubacteria • Small, single-celled organism with a cell wall and no nucleus (prokaryotic) that’s found everywhere • Reproduce by dividing in half (binary fission) Cyanobacteria

7. Bacteria and Environment • Some bacteria break down the remains and wastes of other organisms and return the nutrients to the soil • Others recycle nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus • E. coliis found in the intestines of humans and other animals and helps digest food and release vitamins that humans need

8. Domain Archaebacteria • Small, single-celled organism with a cell wall and no nucleus (prokaryotic)that’s found in extreme or harsh environments • (ex. Thermophiles, Methanogens) • Reproduce by dividing in half (binary fission)

10. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular organism whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotic), rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll http://youtu.be/o57imEfknMQ Mushrooms

11. Fungi • Fungi get their food by releasing chemicals that help break down organic matter • The bodies are huge networks of threads that grow through the material on which the fungi is feeding • Play an important role in breaking down the bodies of dead organisms. Mold

12. Fungi • Some fungi cause disease (Athlete’s foot) • Food: Blue Cheese (The fungus gives the cheese both its blue color and strong flavor) • Yeasts are fungi that produce the gas that makes bread rise Yeast

13. Kingdom Protista • Most microscopic single celled organisms but some have many cells • Have nuclei • Live in water • Very Diverse (Animal-like, Plant-like, Fungi-like) • Examples • Diatoms- float in ocean • Plasmodium –causes malaria • http://youtu.be/-zsdYOgTbOk Plasmodium Diatoms

14. Protists • Most important protists are algae • Algae are plantlike protists that can make their own food using the energy from the sun • They range in size from the giant kelp to the one-celled phytoplankton Giant Kelp (Algae)

16. Kingdom Plantae • Many-celled organisms that make their own food using the sun’s energy and have cell walls and nucleus • Leaves and roots are connected by vasculartissue, which has thick cell walls and serves is system of tubes that carries water and food

17. Plants • Mosses- First land plants had no vascular tissue and swimming sperm • Ferns and club mosses- first vascular plants • Gymnosperms-woody, vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit (pine trees) • Angiosperms - flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit (apple, wheat, rice, beans, cotton, oranges, and lettuce comes from flowering plants

18. Kingdom Animalia • Many-celled organisms that must get food from other organisms • Have a nucleus (eukaryotic) and no cell wall

19. Invertebrates • No vertebrae (backbone) • Insects, Jellyfish, Roundworms, Flatworms, Sponges, Annelids, Crestaceans, Snails, Sea Stars

20. Vertebrates • Have vertebrae (backbone) • Mammals • Birds • Reptiles • Amphibians • Fish

21. Vertebrates • Fish, amphibians, and reptiles: ectotherms • Birds and mammals: endotherms • Fish: scales, mucus membranes • Amphibians: smooth skin, cutaneous respiration • Reptiles: scales, amniotic egg, parental care • Birds: feathers, amniotic egg, beak • Mammals: fur, skin, mammary glands

22. Invertebrate Diversity Ch 23 Krogh Ch 30 Miller

24. Symmetry

25. Porifera (sponges): no symmetry, diffusion, soft endoskeleton, no organs, budding & ext. fertilization

27. Cnidarians: radial symmetry, diffusion, nerve nets, stinging tentacles, one opening, extracellular digestion, sex & budding

29. Platyhelminthes: bilateral, only one ‘tube’, primitive senses, diffusion for breathing & excretion, sexual & regeneration

30. Platyhelminthes: liver fluke & tapeworm head

31. Tapeworms as seen in an X-ray

32. Tapeworms

33. Lamb feces

34. Flatworms engaged in penis fencing!

35. Annelids: segments, moist skin, hermaphrodites or regeneration, pores for excretion, complete digestive tract, closed circulatory system w/ heart

36. Annelids

37. Annelid vs. Annelid

38. Nematoda: roundworms, most diverse of worms, no segments, thin exoskeleton, complete digestive tract, diffusion for breathing, sex only

41. Mollusks: Great senses Shell Rough radula Siphon Sex only

42. Molluska: Gastropods

43. Molluska: Cephalopods

45. Arthropods: exoskeleton, joints, compound eyes, 3 segments, open circulatory systems, book lungs or gills, sex only

46. Arthropods: Crustaceans

47. Arthropods: Arachnids & Millipedes

48. Ticks

49. Echinoderms: aquatic, spiny, radial as adults, gills & water vascular system, tube feet for movement, beaks, sex or regenerate

50. Echinoderms