Ambient Air Quality in Karachi

1. Ambient Air Quality in Karachi SUPARCO

2. 1. Baseline (Ambient Air Quality) Study of Major Six Cities of Pakistan- ENERCON/UNDP 2. Feasibility Study & Development of Transportation Control Plan - City District Government Karachi

3. OBJECTIVES • To establish concentration levels of ambient airborne pollutants in six major cities with temporal and spatial distribution along with traffic count and meteorological data • To investigate the ambient airborne pollution levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM/ PM10), CO, NOx, SO2, CO2, O3, Pb, HC (methane and non-methane), and noise levels

4. OBJECTIVES • Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular traffic and • Propose remedial measures and course of action to control pollution SCOPE OF STUDY • Identification of Transport Sector Issues and Creation of Vehicular corridor Data

5. Identification of Issues and Creation of Baseline • To determine impact of transport sector on • Physical Environment • Living Environment • Social Environment • To Propose Remedial Measures to Control Pollution • Preparation of a feasibility study to develop a transport control plan dealing with issues related to fuel, vehicles & operators for a cleaner environment

6. MAJOR TASKS OF STUDY • Establish baseline on quality of air, water, soil, groundwater at different locations in the city, particularly traffic congestion points • Record the level of major air pollutants viz CO and NOx and the Ievel of noise pollution at different locations • Estimate the approximate contribution of faulty vehicles to the problem of air and noise pollution • Identify areas whose residents are vulnerable to ailments related to air pollution and noise pollution • Health impact assessment of persons resident / making a living in the neighborhood of traffic congestion points • Assess the impact of the use of different fuels on the operation of vehicular traffic and on the environment • Establish the need to change the fuel and to improve its quality a impact that the change and improvement will bring about Cont’d . . . .

7. Cont’d . . . . MAJOR TASKS OF STUDY • Assess the impact of pollution generated by operation of vehicular physical environment • Assess the impact of operation of vehicular traffic on cultural practices and to identify the deficiencies, if any • Estimate the losses due to degradation of the environment resulting from the impact identified by different components • Conduct a study that would propose remedial measures and course action to control pollution • Determination of the quality and quantity of fuel being offered by the refineries and the petroleum dealers and identifying the practices involved in degrading the quality and reducing the quantity • Identification of the need to improve vehicle technology in response to requirements of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 for vehicular emissions control • Devising a mechanism to provide the appropriate infrastructure to monitor performance of vehicles and repair and maintenance as well as the inspection systems besides that of the Traffic Police in management traffic

9. Map of Karachi Showing Sampling Locations ARI QUALITY IN KARACHI

10. Task # 1 • Air Pollution Monitoring (CO,CO2, SO2, NOx), Noise Level Measurement and Traffic count at 26 locations • Ground & Waste Water Sampling & Analysis for Oil & Grease, Soil Sampling & Analysis for Hydrocarbon, Lead, Cadmium & Asbestos at 26 Location

11. Parameters monitored at each site in Six Major Cities

12. METHODOLOGY

13. Calibration of Equipment

14. Air Quality Monitoring Mobile Lab

15. Inner View of Mobile Lab.

16. SPM & PM2.5 SAMPLERS

17. Automatic high-speed computer controlled digital camera for recording the traffic count is available onboard the mobile labs. Traffic Counting with classification of vehicles

18. Air Quality Study Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks PM10 (Particulate Matter <10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis NOx CO2 Wind direction SO2 Noise Level Humidity O3 CO Lead PARAMETERS MONITORED AT EACH SITE Collected ambient air quality data in six (6) cities of the country through appropriate monitoring techniques. Number of sites monitored in each city are shown below. Monitoring was carried out continuously for 48 hrs at a site & repeated during the 4 cycles (1-year). Data so collected has been statistically analyzed MONITORING SITES

19. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA • Number of sites were selected for the study by the following criteria: • Sites having least and maximum concentrations of pollutants  • Sites representative of Industrial, Commercial & Residential Areas  • Meteorological conditions and vehicular traffic density.  • Area to be covered  • Spatial variability of pollutants. • Data use/objectives 

20. Ambient Air Quality Standards

21. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR TSP LEVELS TSP level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study) TSP level In Ambient air (2003-2004) US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs) US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)

22. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR PM10 LEVELS TSP level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study) PM10 level In Ambient air (2003-2004) US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)

23. CO LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm

24. SO2 LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO2 is 140 ppb (365mg/m3)

25. NOx LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR & ON VEHICULAR CORRIDORS USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean) NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04) NOx level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)

26. O3 LEVELS AMBIENT AIR USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)

27. Site wise Comparison of HC-Methane at Karachi

28. Site wise Comparison of HC-Non Methane at Karachi

29. Site wise Comparison of Lead at Karachi USEPA Quarterly Avg. standard limit for lead is 1.5 ug/m3

30. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of TSP in Six Major Cities US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)

31. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of PM10 in six Major Cities US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)

32. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of NOx as NO2 in six Major Cities USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean)

33. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of SO2 in six Major Cities

34. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of CO in six Major Cities US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm

35. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of Ozone in six Major Cities USEPA Permissible Limit for O3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs)

36. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Methane in six Major Cities

37. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Non Methane in six Major Cities

38. Corridors based on Traffic Flow Corridor 1. Merewether Tower  Mawlvi Musafir Khana Tibbet Center M.A. Jinnah Road/Garden Road Intersection  Old Numaish  Guru Mandir  Tin Hatti  Liaqatabad # 10  Karimabad  Sohrab Goth  Super Highway Corridor 2. Merewether Tower  Burns Road  Garden Road/Preedy Street Intersection  Empress Market  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae Faisal  Drigh Road  Malir  Landhi  National Highway Corridor 3. Merewether Tower Ziauddin Road and Chundrigar Road Intersection  Metropole Hotel  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae faisal  Drigh Road  Gulshan Chowrangi  Sohrab Goth Corridor 4. Merewether Tower  Teen Talwar  Sunset Boulevard  Korangi/Baloch Colony Intersection  Darul Uloom Road Korangi Industrial Area  Landhi Industrial Area  Port Qasim  Steel Mills  National Highway  Toll Plaza (Malir River Crossing)  Super Highway Corridor 5. Merewether Tower  Karachi Port Trust  Mauripur Road  Gul Bai Intersection Ghani Chowrangi  Nazimabad  North Nazimabad  Sohrab Goth

39. Corridors for Pollution Modeling

41. RESULTS SUMMARY • Pollutants levels were highest in summer and lowest in monsoon. • TSP and PM10 exceeded at all sites and lowest in Karachi. • NOx, SO2, O3 and CO within USEPA limit at all sites. • Lead also exceeded at all sites.

42. Recommendations • Air pollution data collection must be on continuous basis for Major cities using fixed and mobile laboratory. • Development of Pakistan national ambient air quality standards should be initiated. • Strict Implementation of already existing laws. • Improvement of fuel quality. • Make effective motor vehicles testing, inspection and maintenance.

43. Recommendations (cont…..) • Encourage environment friendly practices like conversion of automobiles to CNG fuel with use of catalytic converter, Development of public transport infrastructure. • Promote public awareness/training in schools and different community organizations.

44. Efficient mass transit system Vehicular Air Pollution in Karachi, high pollutants levels affect the human health, deteriorate the physical environment. Transport Mismanagement verse the existing situation. Efficient Mass Transport system may be the good solution for better environment.

45. Conclusion Based On Baseline Study Transportation as Major Contributor to Air Pollution • 2-storke engine on rickshaws and motor cycles are major polluters of air on the five corridors. • 2-storke engines as well as defective or untuned vehicles are major polluters with CO emissions. • 2-storke engines as well as defective vehicles using sub standard lubricants are major emitters of SO2 and smoke • Vehicles operating on CNG & LPG are major polluters with NOx

46. Conclusion Based On Baseline Study (cont…..) • Other sources contributing to air pollution levels are Industrial emissions, Brick Kiln, Landfills, Biomass Degradation, Solid Waste open burning, cement industries. • Similarly paper and pulp industry is a source of gaseous pollutants like SO2, CO, and CO2. • Steel industry is associated with metallic pollutants as well as NOx, SOx CO, CO2. • The industrial processes brick kilns external combustion boilers and portable diesel generators also share the major contribution of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 etc. • All these industries are introducing a number of metallic and non metallic pollutants to surrounding environment and adversely affecting the air quality to an alarming level.