Culture

1. Culture A Review

2. Nine Universals of Culture Material Culture:food, clothing, housing, transportation, and tools Arts, Play and Recreation: fine arts, drama, and beauty Social Organization: societies, families, and kinship systems Language and non-verbal communication Social Control: government systems, rewards, and punishment Conflict and Warfare: defence systems, practices of warfare, conflict, and conflict resolution Education: formal and informal Worldview: belief systems, religion, and values Economic organization: trade, production, labour, property, and standard of living

3. Cultural elements are the backbone of a social group. The cultural elements define the behavior of the society and how the members of the society perceive the world. Culture produces order and regularity in a society. This makes behavior predictable. The three main cultural elements are:                            A) Values                            B) Norms                           C) Social Roles

4. Values Values are the general beliefs of a society that define right and wrong and also define the general preferences of the group. What are a few examples of Canadian values? What are a few examples of values from other nations?

5. Norms • Norms are relatively precise rules specifying the behaviors permitted and prohibited for the groups members. There are two types of norms: folkways and mores. Folkways: These norms do not provoke a strong reaction from society when broken. The response from society can range from disgust to snubbing the, person.Examples??? Mores (morays): The violation of these norms provoke a strong reaction form the group members. Penalties range from a fine to incarceration for breaking laws.Examples???

6. Social Roles Social Roles: A cluster of expectations concerning behaviors that are appropriate for an individual in a given social situation. We all perform many roles. Ascribed Role: Roles that we are assigned through our blood line.Examples???Achieved Role: Roles that we earn.Examples??? Gender role: is defined partly by genetic make-up but mainly by the society and culture a person lives in.

7. Role Conflict Role conflict is a situation in which the behavioral expectations of one role are inconsistent with those of another role. Role conflict occurs when people are confronted with incompatible role expectations in the various social statuses they occupy. When the roles are associated with two different statuses, the result is known as status strain. When the conflicting roles are both associated with the same status, the result is known as role strain. Conflict may also occur when people disagree about what the expectations are for a particular role or when someone simply has difficulty satisfying expectations because their duties are unclear, too difficult, or disagreeable. • Examples: • A parent may feel conflicting obligations to employers who demand full devotion to the job and children who need to be cared for when they are sick (status strain). Examples????

8. Cultural Integration • Cultural integration refers to the changes that occur in society when new ideas or items are introduced. Change in one aspect of culture leads to changes in other areas of society. Society can have changes in all or some of the following areas: Political effects Justice effects Economic effects Social effects

9. Test next class! • You need to know: • Cultural Universals • Mores • Folkways • Ascribed roles • Achieved roles • Social roles • Role conflict You will need to understand them – not define them. This PP can be found on my webpage.