The English Civil War & The Restoration

1. The English Civil War & The Restoration World History 10A

2. Charles I • Inherited the English throne from his father, King James • Both believed in divine right • Signed the Petition of Right in 1628, then ignored it • Petition of Right states that taxes cannot be passed without Parliament’s permission • Limited the power of King Charles, he thinks it gives the idea that the law is higher than the king • Charles I begins imposing lots of fees and fines • He also imposes more religious ritual, which puritans refuse to accept and instead go to America • Puritans – Protestants in England inspired by Calvinism • Complaints grow until the English Civil War begins

3. Charles I

4. Civil War 1642-1649 • Cavaliers or Royalists – those loyal to King Charles I • Roundheads – those loyal to Parliament • Both sides fought, but neither side could gain an advantage until General Oliver Cromwell • Oliver Cromwell was a military genius • Well trained and well-disciplined army called “The New Model Army” • The New Model Army was made up mostly of extreme Puritans that believed they were doing battle for God • The New Model Army defeats the Cavaliers • Charles I is captured, tried for treason, and executed in 1649

5. Roundheads & Cavaliers

6. Oliver Cromwell

7. The Restoration • Cromwell destroyed Parliament after executing the king • Set up a military dictatorship • Ruled England until his death in 1658 • Parliament restored the monarchy (more than a year after Cromwell’s death) • Charles II – son of Charles I, became king • The Restoration – the period of Charles II’s reign during which he restored the monarchy and things the Puritans had banned

8. Charles II

9. James II • Brother of Charles II, becomes king in 1685 • Flaunts his Catholicism • Appoints Catholics to high positions in government, army, navy, university • Parliament objects to his policies but does not rebel • James’ heirs are his two Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne • James has a son, born to his second wife, a Catholic • This means it is possible the Catholic monarchy will continue

10. James II

11. A Glorious Revolution • Mary’s husband, William of Orange (Dutch leader), is invited to invade England by a group of English noblemen • William and Mary raise an army • James II, his wife, and infant son flee to France • There is almost no bloodshed in this “glorious revolution” • Parliament offers the throne to William and Mary • They accept the throne • They also accept a Bill of Rights

12. William of Orange & Mary Stuart

13. Bill of Rights • The Bill of Rights says… • Parliament has the right to make laws and levy taxes • Standing armies can only be raised with Parliament’s consent • Citizens can carry arms • Habeas corpus – all prisoners have the right to a jury trial • Basically this makes it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament • Constitutional Monarchy – the power of the rulers is limited by laws • The Bill of Rights makes William king by the grace of Parliament, not God • Destroys the idea of divine right in England

14. English Bill of Rights

15. Toleration Act of 1689 • Passed by Parliament • Toleration Act of 1689 grants Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship • Regardless, few English citizens are ever again persecuted because of religion