The History of Surgical Technique

1. The History of Surgical Technique Created by Jessica Linn and Rebecca Kraft

2. Origins Surgery Chirurgery Latin: Chirurgia Greek: Cheir = hand +ergon = work

3. Early Methods • Trephination • Operation performed since the Stone Age • Circular section carved away, leaving a hole in the skull • Done as a treatment for abnormal behaviors, such as hallucinations • Based on perception that evil spirits needed releasing

4. Sixth Century • Susruta • Learned surgery and medicine from DivodasaDhanvantari • Practiced the Indian medical tradition of Ayurveda (Ayurveda means science of life) • Recognized as the father of plastic surgery • First to advocate the cesarean operation • Help to fashion surgical instruments, such as crocodile or hawkbill forceps

5. Galen • Most famous surgeon of Roman times • At 28 was surgeon to a school of gladiators • In 161 AD became surgeon to the Emperor • Dissected many animals to study nerves, muscles and bone structure • His medical books were highly influential for the next 1200 years

6. 1100 AD • Albucasis • Born in Spain, part of Islamic empire • Wrote encyclopedia of medicine • Became standard text in Europe • Roger Frugardi • Wrote first Western book on surgery in 1170 • Used seaweed patches like the present day iodine therapy

7. Medieval • Leonardo da Vinci • Dissected corpses and made pencil drawings of his findings • Among the first to contradict Galen • Medical findings were never published and did not impact the field

8. Middle Ages • War Surgeons • Sought new pain medications, such as opium and mandrake, to make sleepy during surgery • Wine was found to help heal wounds (alcohol is a mild antiseptic) • Wound Man • A figure used to show various wounds a person might suffer in battle or accidents • Injuries would range from blows to the head, stab wounds and bites by snakes and insects

9. Middle Ages • Andreas Vesalius • Discovered the human anatomy through human dissection • Ambrose Pare • Advocated the use of ligatures to tie of blood vessels • Used mixture of eggs, oils of roses and turpentine to cure gun powder wounds

10. Barber Surgeons • 17th Century England • Procedures included pulling teeth to amputation • Anesthesia consisted of a knock on the head with a wooden hammer • They would wrap bloody rags around a pole to signify that they were open for business

11. Anesthetics • In the 1840s pain was first effectively eliminated during surgery • Ether vapor was used for a patient who had a tumor removed from his neck • Chloroform became a popular choice after Queen Victoria used it in childbirth

12. Joseph Lister • The history of surgery maybe divided into two parts, before and after Lister • Described muscles in the eye, as well as muscles attached to hair follicles • Introduced antiseptic techniques • Used carbolic acid to lower infections in wounds • Invented the sinus forceps, aortic tourniquet, wire needle and catgut ligature

13. 1800s • 1863 Mayo Clinic is founded by William Worell Mayo and is later joined by his two sons in practice • 1895 X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

14. Blood • James Blundell had some success in transferring blood directly from donor to recipient in the early 1900s • Karl Landsteiner discovered four different types of blood. • They were later named O, A, B, and AB • By the 1930s blood could be separated into plasma and red blood cells, which could be stored longer

15. Mid 1900s • Surgery had become less painful, but many still died from post-op infections • Anti-biotics came about in the 1940s • First antibiotic was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flemming • Penicillin • Howard Florey successfully extracted pure penicillin from mold juice in large amounts to make it applicable in medicine

16. First Heart Transplant • Was done in 1967 • By Christiaan Barnard in South Africa • Patient survived operation for 18 days, but died of pneumonia • Barnard’s longest surviving patient lived for 24 years after the surgery • By 1984 heart transplant surgery was almost commonplace

17. Benjamin Carson • After med school he became a neurosurgery resident at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore • At age 32 became hospital’s Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery • In 1987 he made medical history with an operation to separate a pair of Siamese twins • 70 member surgical team • Worked for 22 hours

18. Works Cited Benjamin Carson. (2008, June 16). Academy of acheivement [biography]. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://www.achievment.org Christiaan Barnard. (n.d.). Encarta. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761577058/Christiaan_Barnard History of the mayo clinic. (1996). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://www.diavlos.gr/orto96/ortowww/historym.htm History of surgery. (2009). The Operation: Surgery Live - Channel 4 [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.channel4.com/explore/surgerylive/history.html Kuhlenschmidt, S. (1996, June). Trephination. In Western Kentucky University. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://web2.wku.edu/~sally.kuhlenschmidt/whimsy/trephin.htm MedevilTimes. (n.d.). Surgery Times. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from http://www.surgerytimes.com/ history/middle.html Susruta. (n.d.). World Famous Biography. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from google website: http://profiles.incredible-people.com/ Trepanation. (n.d.). encefalus [photo]. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from Encefalus website: http://encefalus.com/neurology-biology/self-trepanation/