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The People’s Crusade and the Rhineland Jews

The People’s Crusade and the Rhineland Jews. HIST 3004 9/18/13. People’s Crusade. What is the People’s or Peasants’ Crusade?. Preaching the Crusade. Estimated 127,000 recruits ~10% were knights (less than 1/4 th of all knights) ~40% support staff Who are the other h alf?

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The People’s Crusade and the Rhineland Jews

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  1. The People’s Crusade and the Rhineland Jews HIST 3004 9/18/13

  2. People’s Crusade • What is the People’s or Peasants’ Crusade?

  3. Preaching the Crusade • Estimated 127,000 recruits • ~10% were knights (less than 1/4th of all knights) • ~40% support staff • Who are the other half? • Why did so many sign up?

  4. Raising Funds • Knights would require 4-5 years income • Drought • Alienation of patrimony • The Church and readily available cash • Influx of property into the market depresses values • Contested property rights • Why would you sell off your patrimony?

  5. Beyond Urban II’s Call • Peter the Hermit (ca. 1050-1115) • Attempted pilgrimage but turned back by Seljuqs • Possible originator of the Crusades? • Organize paupers into a spiritually pure crusade • Possible connections with the Second Coming of Christ

  6. Crusading Fervor and the Rhineland Jews • Count Emich of Flonheim • Visions of Jesus • Fulfill “end of times” prophecies to become the last world emperor • May 3, 1096 – Attacks on Jewish community in Speyer • May 18 – Attacks in Worms (800 killed) • May 25 – Battle against Ruthard Bishop of Mainz (1,100 killed) • May 29 – Receive protection money from Cologne

  7. Pogroms of 1096 • Albert of Aachen • Why did these attacks happen? • How were they justified by the crusaders? • How could they defy the Church while on crusade? • Solomon bar Samson • How did the Jewish communities of the Rhineland respond? Illustration from mid-13th century French Bible showing the execution of Jews.

  8. Anti-Jewish Crusading • Folkmar and Gottschalk • Priests leading smaller bands of crusaders • Attacking and extorting Jewish communities • Massacred by the King Coloman of Hungary for pillaging

  9. The End of the “Peasants’ Crusade” • Walter Sans Avoir (lord of Boissy-sans-Avoir) • Meets Italian pilgrims at Constantinople • Aug. 1, 1096 – Peter the Hermit arrives at Constantinople • Aug. 6 – Ferried across the Bosporus by Alexius I Comnenus

  10. The End of the “Peasants’ Crusade” • Kibotos – rallying point • Rainaldo – leader of Italian and German contingent • French raid Nicaea • Rainaldo moves base beyond Nicaea • Sept. 29 – Turks surround Italians and Germans • Surrender and apostasy

  11. The End of the “Peasants’ Crusade” • Oct. 21 – French crusaders seek vengeance • Ambushed by Turks • Peter the Hermit fine, was in Constantinople the whole time • What went wrong for the first wave of the First Crusade?

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