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Exploring the first century

Exploring the first century. 1 Cor. 9: 1-10 Don’t muzzle an ox …. There was a wide variety of people who spoke different languages. Pilate recognized this. Luke 23:38 Greek – from the Greeks Latin – from the Romans Hebrew – from the Jews Mathew – Hebrews Mark – Romans Luke – Greeks

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Exploring the first century

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  1. Exploring the first century

  2. 1 Cor. 9: 1-10 Don’t muzzle an ox …

  3. There was a wide variety of people who spoke different languages. • Pilate recognized this. Luke 23:38 • Greek – from the Greeks • Latin – from the Romans • Hebrew – from the Jews • Mathew – Hebrews • Mark – Romans • Luke – Greeks • John – Universal

  4. Matthew • Tax collector Mat. 9:9 • More references to money in Mat. than the other three gospels • Jesus made a bold choice with the tax collector

  5. The 2 fold message of Mathew • 1. Prove to the Jews that Jesus was the son of God. • Matthew alludes to the OT frequently • About 50 direct quotes from the OT • About 75 reverences to OT events • Talks about the kingdom in more than 35 passages • Refers to Jesus as the promised son of David 9 times

  6. 2. To encourage the Jew that they can be apart of the new Israel • The old way would be done away with Mat. 21:43 • One is not a Jew outwardly but inwardly Rom. 2:28-29 • Everyone who obeys can be a part of the new system Gal. 3:26-29

  7. Matthew records many of Jesus’ Words. He records several of his major speeches 1. Sermon on the mount Mat. 5 – 7 2. The Olivet discourse Mat. 24. 3. He records 20 of Jesus’ miracles 3 of which are unique to Mat. 4. He records at least 14 parables of Jesus

  8. Matthew also talks about the Gentiles Mat. 8:11, 12:21 He also makes universal statements Mat. 28:19-20

  9. MarkAct 12:12; Col. 4:10; 1Pet. 5:13 Many believe that Mark wrote his letter under the influence of Peter

  10. You can tell a difference between Mark’s letter and Matthew’s. • 1. He explained the Hebrew tradition in Mark 7:2 • 2. He uses some Latin language in Mark 12:42 • quadrans or farthing is Latin term for a certain coin • 3. Mark only refers to the OT 19 times.

  11. Many believe that Mark was written to encourage the Christians in Rome who were being persecuted. • He records 1 major speech of Jesus Mark 13:37ff The Olivet discourse. • Mark emphasizes Jesus as a servant who came to do God’s will. • He uses the word “servant” 14 times describing Jesus’ activities

  12. Mark is dogmatic about Jesus being the Son of God. 1. Testimony of God Mark 1:11; 9:7 2. Testimony of Jesus Mark 13:32; 14:61-62 3. Testimony of demons Mark 3:11; 5:7 4. Testimony of the Roman Centurion Mark 15:39 About 40% of Mark records Jesus’ final journey to Jerusalem and the events surrounding his death.

  13. Luke was a physician Col. 4:14 He had been with Paul on several occasions Acts 16:10; 2 Tim. 4:11; Phm. 1:24

  14. Luke was also writing to the non-Jew • He explains that Capernaum is a city in Galilee Lk. 4:31 • He explains that the country of Gerasenes is over against Galilee Lk. 8:26 • He explains the town of Emmaus was 7 miles from Jerusalem Lk. 4:13 • All these things were common knowledge to Jews of Palestine.

  15. Luke writes to an individual Luke 1:1-4 but his message is meant for a broader audience • There are many things that Luke writes that are pointed directly at the Greeks. • The Greeks also known as Hellenist were really into humanity, especially in the field of philosophy and science.

  16. Luke focuses on Christ humanity and His perfect example. • He gives the most complete record of Jesus birth and childhood Luke 1, 2. • He traces Christ lineage all the way back to Adam • He captures Jesus human traits in Luke 19:41, 22:44 • He points out many of Jesus’ prayers. Out of the 15 prayers of Jesus recorded in the 4 gospels Luke records 11 of them.

  17. Luke had an in-depth knowledge of Jesus miracles. • He records 20 miracles 6 are unique to Luke and he treats them as a historical reality • Since Luke was a doctor there must have been overwhelming evidence of the virgin birth for him to argue it so strongly in Luke 1:26-38

  18. Luke’s message was for the Gentiles Luke 2:10, 2:32, 4:25-27, 10:25-37 Who was John? Mark 1:19, 5:37, John 13:23, 21:20 The main thrust – John 20:30-31 John argues Jesus’ deity more than any other book. John 1:1, 10:30, 20:28

  19. This book contains many “I am” statements. 1. I am the bread of life 6:35 2. I am the light of the world 8:12 3. I am the door 10:7 4. I am the good shepherd 10:14 5. I am the resurrection and the life 11:25 6. I am the way, the truth and the life 14:6 7. I am the true vine 15:1 8. The absolute “ I am” 8:58 showing his timeless existence

  20. Three primary written languages of the Bible • Hebrew • Aramaic • Greek

  21. The Hebrew language • Semitic language – a family language • Comes from the Canaanite language • The OT refers to it own language in 2 ways. • 1. Isa. 19:18 • 2. 2 Kings 18:26, 28; Neh. 13:24; Isa. 36:11 • 3. It wasn’t called Hebrew until around 130 B.C. • The NT refers to it this way. • Jn. 5:2, 19:13; Acts 21:40

  22. Aramaic language is also a Semitic language • A small part of the OT is written in Aramaic • Parts of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Daniel • Two words in Gen. 31:47 • It was used in the NT • Mark 5:41, 15:34, Gal. 4:6

  23. The Greek language • NT is written in Koine Greek which spans from 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.

  24. There are 2 Greek words that are translated into “other” or “another” Allos – denotes a numerical distinction and means a “other” or “another” of the same kind. Heteros – means an “other” or “another” of a different kind. Example of Allos John 14:16 Example of Heteros Luke 23:32

  25. Sects of the Jewish religion • The Grecian Empire influenced the Hebrews 332 – 167 B.C. • Mattathias Maccabeus and his 5 sons rebelled against Paganism. • They had independence 167 – 63 B.C. • Hellenist – Those sympathetic to the Greek way • Hasidim – Conservatives set to defend the Law of God and the traditions of Judea • Maccebeians – leaders of the Jewish revolt.

  26. Pharisees • Pharisee – separated • The developed from the Hasidim • In the 1st century they numbered around 6000 • Paul describes them in Acts 26:5 • They kept the Law of Moses and the oral traditions but they had great zeal for tithing and purification. Mark. 7:1-8; Mat. 23:23-26. • Tradition of the Elders refers to the oral tradition which is recording in a book called the Mishna which was a collection of the oral traditions from 200 B.C – 135 A.D. • They would vote for a tradition to become a binding law.

  27. They believed in the resurrection and in angels Acts 23:6-9 • They were self-righteous Luke 18:9-14 and showoffs Mat. 6:1-17, 23:1-12 • They were ordinary people they seemed to exercise control over many of the synagogues but they were a minority in the temple and the Sanhedrin council. • They were very active in opposing Jesus and plotting for his death.

  28. Scribes • Also known as lawyers or teachers of the Law • They were associated with the Pharisees Mat. 12:38; Mark 7:5; Lk. 6:7 • They had a lot of power and influence • Training began at 14 and ended at 40. • They were prominent in the Sanhedrin council. Mat. 16:21

  29. Sadducees – the righteous • The Sadducees were the most powerful • They were wealthy • They rejected the oral traditions • They thought the priest should only interpret the law • They were the majority in the high priest position, the priesthood and the Sanhedrin council • They did not believe God was that involved with humans

  30. They did not believe: • Resurrection of the dead • Immortality of the soul • Rewards or punishments handed out after death • Angels or spirits • They tried to trap Jesus with “what if” questions Mark. 12:18-27 • Jesus warned his disciples about their teaching Mat. 16:6-12 • They opposed the church more than Pharisees Acts 4:1-3; 5:17-18 • They played a big part in Jesus death Mat. 27:1

  31. Zealots - one burning with zeal • Passionate about politics and their independence • They used violence to get there way • Started by Judas of Gamala Acts 5:37 • Simon was a Zealot Lk. 6:15, Acts 1:13

  32. Essenes - healer • Started around 2 B.C. • 4000 of them during the time of Christ • More strict than Pharisees • Operated like a monastery • Some married but most were celibate • Did not own personal property • Shared with their community • Kept to themselves, wore simple clothes and ate simple meals • Concerned about being ritually clean and eating food that was ritually pure • They took care of the sick and elderly

  33. A typical day of the Essenes consisted of: • Arising before sunrise for prayer • They would work till midday • Bathe to be ritually clean before they ate and put on different clothes • Then would work again until time for the evening meal

  34. Some of their beliefs: • Believed in the immortal soul • Rewarded or punished after death • Believed in angels • Worshiped God in their community instead of the temple • Did not believe that Jesus was the son of God so they continued to look for the coming Messiah

  35. How to become a member: • You had to sell all your property • You were given a white robe and a 1 year probation period • After 1 year you could use the community water for purification • Two more years of probation before you could become a full member. • Then you could take part in the community meals • If you broke the rules during the 3 year period you were banned

  36. Herodians (followers of Herod) • They were more politically than religious. • They supported the Herod Dynasty. • They were in good standing with the Romans • Opposed the Pharisees but on many occasions joined with them to try and trap Jesus. Mk. 3:6, Mat. 22:15-16.

  37. Zadokites • Around 1 or 2 B.C. certain Jews claimed to be sons of the priest Zadok • They wanted to restore proper temple worship • They failed so they setup their own religious community in Damascus • They were opposed to both Pharisees and the Sadducees

  38. They believed in the following: • Accepted all the OT, rejected the oral traditions • Believed in the spirit world, future life, and divine providence. • They were self denying, and strictly kept the Leviticle code. • They were looking for the Messiah to come and return Israel back to the right way.

  39. Synagogue – A leading or bringing together. • “Synagogue” is used 67 times in the NT • Possibly originated at Babylonian captivity. • Jews desired to have communion with God Ps. 137 • Oldest evidence of a synagogue • A marble slab with an inscription dedicating a synagogue to Ptolemy III ruled Egypt 246-221 B.C. • Oldest one found in Palestine was uncovered at Masda near the Dead Sea built in the first century.

  40. Synagogue of Masada

  41. Synagogue of Herodion

  42. Acts 14:1 Acts 13:14 Acts 17:1 Acts 17:10 Acts 19:1,8 Acts 17:16-17 Acts 13:5 Acts 9:2 Some of the synagogues Paul visited

  43. Structure and organization of a synagogue. • Typically rectangular in shape with a raised platform for the speaker. • There was a portable chest with the OT scrolls. • They sat on stone benches along the walls. • The best seats were the ones in front Mat. 23:6 • The younger ones sat in the back. • The women were partitioned off from the men • There was a special place for the lepers • The synagogue ruler was in charge of the services • The synagogue was under the oversight of the elders. Luke 7:3-5

  44. A typical service would include: • reciting scripture • singing without the use of musical instruments • reading of the law • teaching/preaching • giving of alms for the poor • They gathered ever Sabbath and ever 2nd and 5th day of the week. (Sat., Mon. Thursday)

  45. Order of worship: • 1. Recital of the Shema • Originally the Shema was Deut. 6:4 which was a statement of faith but later more verses were added Deut 6:4-9, 11:13-21. • Jewish boys were required to memorize these verses and say them every morning and every evening. • Jesus quoted the Shema and added Lev. 19:18 in Mat. 22:33-40.

  46. 2. Prayer • 3. Reading of the scripture Luke 4:16-21 • Scripture was read standing up • Teaching was usually done while sitting down. • Sometimes they taught standing up. Acts 13:14-16 • 4. Intermixed during their service they would sing psalms and sometimes they would collect alms for the poor. • They exercised discipline by not allowing some to take part of the gathering. John 9:22

  47. 3 Temples • 1. Solomon’s temple. • David wanted to build it but God would not let him 1Chron. 28:2-3. • He provided most of the materials 1 Chron. 22:1-19; 28:1; 29:9. • Solomon started construction during his 4th year as king and finished it in 7 years. 1 Kings 6:38 • Details of the temple 1 Kings 5:1 - 9:25  and 2 Chron. 2:1 – 7:22. • It was built according to the tabernacle pattern. • Temple was destroyed around 586 B.C. by the Babylonians 2 Kings 25:8-17.

  48. 2. Zerubbabel’s Temple • The Jews return around 536 B.C. under the leadership of Zerubbabel to rebuild the temple Financed by the Persian government Ezra 1:2ff • Took 20 years to complete Ezra 6:15. • Plundered and desecrated during the inter-Biblical period • Cleansed and rededicated by Judas Maccabeus in 165 B.C. • Ravaged again when Pompey invaded Jerusalem in 63 B.C. • Suffered more destruction when Herod the Great conquered Jerusalem in 37 B.C.

  49. 3. Herod’s Temple • 2 Greek words for the English word “temple.” • Hieron – refers to the temple and all the outer courts Mk. 11:11 • Naos – refers only to the sanctuary itself where only the priest are  allowed to enter. Luke 1:9 • Temple rebuilt 19 B.C. – 64 A.D. • He employed 1000 wagons, 10,000 workmen and thousands of priest to work the most sacred area. • It took 1 ½ years to build the basic structure • It took 46 years to complete the sanctuary John 2:20 • 6 years after completion it was destroyed • Jesus told them it would be destroyed Mat. 24

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