The Progressive Era: Reform and Progressivism in the Early 20th Century

1. The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 The nation faces social and political problems at the turn of the 20th century. People work in various ways to solve these problems. President Theodore Roosevelt delivering a speech. NEXT

2. The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 SECTION 1 Roosevelt and Progressivism SECTION 2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives SECTION 3 Women Win New Rights NEXT

3. Section 1 Roosevelt and Progressivism Reformers try to solve the problems of the cities. They gain a champion in Theodore Roosevelt. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Roosevelt and Progressivism The Rise of Progressivism • Rapid growth of U.S. cities brings many problems, including: - poverty - spread of slums - poor conditions in factories • Reform movements organize, believe in goodness of people, democracy • Reform movements come to be grouped under the label progressivism. Continued . . . NEXT

5. SECTION 1 continuedThe Rise of Progressivism • Writers called muckrakersexpose corruption, create demand for reform Image • Progressive reformers share at least 1 of 3 basic goals: - reform government, expand democracy - promote social welfare - create economic reform NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy • Patronage—elected officials give jobs, contracts for political support • Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883): - requires people to take civil service exam for certain government jobs - stops officials from firing civil service workers for political reasons Continued . . . NEXT

7. SECTION 1 continuedReforming Government and Expanding Democracy • Wisconsin becomes first state to establish a direct primary • Direct primary—voters not party choose candidates • Newspaper editor William S. U’Ren promotes 3 more reforms: - initiative—allows voters to propose a law directly - referendum—proposed law is submitted to vote of the people - recall—allows people to vote an official out of office NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Promoting Social Welfare • Movements deal with poverty, unemployment, bad working conditions • Jane Addams helps poor at Hull House, helps unemployed • Florence Kelley pushes for minimum wage laws, limits on working hours Image • Prohibitionists work to prevent alcohol from ruining people’s lives NEXT

9. SECTION 1 Creating Economic Reform • Economic reform limits, regulates big business • Sherman Antitrust Actof 1890: - illegal for corporations to use trusts to gain control of industries - government does not enforce law at first • Enforcement requires a strong president NEXT

10. SECTION 1 Roosevelt and the Square Deal • Theodore Roosevelt—1st progressive U.S. president • Runs on Republican ticket, President McKinley’s vice president (1900) • After inauguration, McKinley killed, Roosevelt becomes president • Sees government as an umpire: - ensure fairness, “square deal” for workers, consumers, big business • Uses Sherman Antitrust Act to bust up railroad trust, Standard Oil Image • U.S. government files suit against 44 corporations NEXT

11. SECTION 1 Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms • Voters pressure senators, representatives to pass reforms • Roosevelt signs Meat Inspection Act (1906): - creates government meat inspection program • Signs Pure Food and Drug Act: - bans the sale of impure foods and medicines • Does not take political risk by leading fight for civil rights NEXT

12. SECTION 1 Conservation • Roosevelt, a strong crusader for conservation • Conservation—controlling the use of America’s natural resources • Sets up 1st wildlife refuge, doubles number of U.S. national parks Map • Uses Antiquities Act to preserve the Grand Canyon, Petrified Forest NEXT

13. Section 2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives Progressive reforms continue under William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. NEXT

14. SECTION 2 Taft and Wilson as Progressives Taft and Progressivism • Republican William Howard Taftwins presidential election (1908) Image • Continues Roosevelt’s attack on trusts, addresses progressive goals: - democracy, social welfare, economic reform • Receives less credit because of alliance with conservative Republicans NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Two Progressive Amendments • Sixteenth Amendment(1909): - gives Congress power to create income taxes - spreads cost of running government among more people Chart • Seventeenth Amendment(1913): - provides direct election of U.S. senators by voters in each state - senators no longer can obtain positions through corrupt bargains NEXT

16. SECTION 2 The Election of 1912 • Conservative Republicans back President Taft, wins party’s nomination • Progressive Republicans back Theodore Roosevelt, form Bull Moose Party • Democrats choose Governor Woodrow Wilson as presidential candidate • Eugene Debs enters presidential race as Socialist candidate • Republicans deeply divided, Wilson wins the election Chart NEXT

17. SECTION 2 The Wilson Presidency • Clayton Antitrust Act(1914): - sets rules forbidding business practices that lessen competition - gives government more power to regulate trusts - allows labor unions, farm organizations to merge, expand - limits power of courts to force workers to end strikes - legalizes labor tactics like strikes, picketing, boycotts Continued . . . NEXT

18. SECTION 2 continuedThe Wilson Presidency • Federal Reserve Act(1913): - improves nation’s monetary, banking system - allows banks to control money supplies • Wilson approves segregation of black, white federal employees • Does not promote civil rights for African Americans NEXT

19. SECTION 2 The Eighteenth Amendment • Supporters of prohibition gain strength during Wilson’s presidency • Congress passes 18th Amendment (1917): - prohibits manufacture, sale of alcoholic beverages Chart NEXT

20. Section 3 Women Win New Rights Women become leaders in social reform movements and win the right to vote during the Progressive Era. NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Women Win New Rights New Roles for Women • Technological advances reduce work at home, families get smaller Image • Schools offer courses that teach women latest homemaking methods • More women take jobs in factories, offices, stores • Some get college education, pursue professions like nursing, teaching • If financially possible, women expected to quit jobs when they marry NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Women Progressives • Partake in social reform movements that help others • Jane Addams starts Hull House, helps immigrants, unemployed find jobs • Hull House provides day nurseries, training for public services • Carry Nation campaigns for prohibition, helps passage 18th Amendment Image NEXT

23. SECTION 3 Suffrage for Women • 2 woman suffrage groups merge • Form National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton is 1st president • Susan B. Anthonybecomes group’s president (1892) • NAWSA focuses on state campaigns to win right to vote • By 1914, 11 Western states approved suffrage Map NEXT

24. SECTION 3 The Nineteenth Amendment • Tide turns in favor of woman suffrage, U.S. enters WW I (1917) • Carrie Chapman Cattpresident of NAWSA • Catt argues U.S. cannot deny vote to women who support war effort • President Wilson urges Senate to pass woman suffrage amendment • U.S. states ratify Nineteenth Amendment(1920): - gives women full voting rights Image NEXT

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