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Moving Up to the Cloud

Marshall Breeding Independent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org/ twitter.com/ mbreeding. Moving Up to the Cloud. Exploring the impact of Emerging Cloud Technologies in Libraries. Virginia Commonwealth University. Jan 9, 2013.

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Moving Up to the Cloud

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  1. Marshall Breeding Independent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides www.librarytechnology.org/ twitter.com/mbreeding Moving Up to the Cloud Exploring the impact of Emerging Cloud Technologies in Libraries Virginia Commonwealth University Jan 9, 2013

  2. Libraries Redefined Services, Collections, Management

  3. AppropriateAutomation Infrastructure • Current automation products out of step with current realities • Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic content • Majority of automation efforts support print activities • Management of e-content continues with inadequate supporting infrastructure • New discovery solutions help with access to e-content • Library users expect more engaging socially aware interfaces for Web and mobile

  4. Key Context: Libraries in Transition • Academic Shift from Print > Electronic • E-journal transition largely complete • Circulation of print collections slowing • E-books now in play (consultation > reading) • Public: Emphasis on Patron Engagement • Increased pressure on physical facilities • Increased circulation of print collections • Dramatic increase in interest in e-books • All libraries: • Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections • Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections • Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

  5. Key Context: Technologies in transition • Client / Server > Web-based computing • Natively social computing • Integration of social computing into core infrastructure • Local computing shifting to cloud platforms • Application Service Provider offerings standard • New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service • Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile • Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

  6. Key Context: Changed expectations in metadata management • Moving away from individual record-by-record creation • Life cycle of metadata • Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed • Manage metadata in bulk when possible • E-book collections • Highly shared metadata • E-journal knowledge bases (KnowledgeWorks / 360 Core) • Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data • Very little progress in linked data for operational systems • AACR2 > RDA • MARC > RDF: Bibliographic Framework Transition Initiative • http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/

  7. Key Context: Research Data • Academic libraries have increased library involvement with research data • Facilitate data management plans for research projects • Lend Library expertise to organization and management • Preservation

  8. Surging Interest in the Semantic Web • Open Linked Data • Bibliographic data sets released through Creative Commons Public Domain License (CC0) • Europeana, Harvard, etc. • Databases that natively manage RDF triple stores • Currently at Early stages of introducing semantic technologies in discovery • Relational databases continue to power business systems

  9. Cooperation and Resource sharing • Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate • Many regional consortia merging (Example: suburban Chicago systems) • State-wide or national implementations • Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations • Many libraries share computing infrastructure and data resources

  10. Beyond “Cloudwashing” • Cloud as marketing hype • Cloud computing used very freely, tagged to almost any virtualized environment • Any arrangement where the library relies on some kind of remote hosting environment for major automation components • Includes almost any vendor-hosted product offering • Example: ASP now Software-as-a-Service

  11. Cloud computing – characteristics • Web-based Interfaces • Externally hosted • Pricing: subscription or utility • Highly abstracted computing model • Provisioned on demand • Scaled according to variable needs • Elastic – consumption of resources can contract and expand according to demand

  12. Gartner Hype Cycle 2009

  13. Gartner Hype Cycle 2010

  14. Gartner Hype Cycle 2011

  15. Gartner Hype Cycle 2012

  16. Fundamental technology shift • Mainframe computing • Client/Server • Cloud Computing http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/ http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

  17. General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows Shared knowledge bases E-resource holdings Bibliographic services Linked data applications Key Issues Data ownership Creative commons license Data portability across competing providers Data as a service

  18. Cloud computing trends for libraries • Increased migration away from local computing toward some form of remote / hosted / virtualized alternative • Cloud computing especially attractive to libraries with few technology support personnel • Adequate bandwidth will continue to be a limiting factor

  19. Relevant trends • No technical limitations on scalability of infrastructure • General move toward ever larger implementations of automation infrastructure • National infrastructure (beginning with smaller countries) • US: Statewide and regional projects

  20. Personnel Distribution Local Computing Cloud Computing • Server Administration • Application maintenance • Staff client software updates • Operational tasks • Application configuration or profiling • Operational tasks

  21. Budget Allocations Local Computing Cloud Computing • Server Purchase • Server Maintenance • Application software license • Data Center overhead • Energy costs • Facility costs • Annual Subscription • Measured Service? • Fixed fees • Factors • Hosting • Software Licenses • Optional modules

  22. Benefits of Cloud Computing Libraries Providers / Vendors • Elimination of capital expenses for equipment • Lower annual costs • Redeployment of technical staff to more meaningful activities • Higher revenues relative to software-only arrangements • Provision of infrastructure at scale with lower unit costs • Longer-term relationships with customers

  23. Is the status quo sustainable? • ILS for management of (mostly) print • Duplicative financial systems between library and campus • Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) • OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles • Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) • Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) • Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections • No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

  24. Integrated Library Systems • Model for library automation since 1970’s • Modules • Circulation • Cataloging • Acquisitions • Serials • Authority Control • Public Catalog • Oriented to Print / Physical Materials

  25. ILS now restricts Innovation • Business models hard-coded in ILS no longer represent current library realities • Force disproportionate levels of personnel attention toward print • Personnel involved in non-print areas forced to work on other platforms • Libraries now organized around idiosyncrasies of the ILS

  26. Library Organization Integrated Library System Library Services Platforms • Circulation • Cataloging • Acquisitions • Serials • Interlibrary Loan • Reserves • Electronic resources • Digital Collections • Fulfillment • Collection Management • Research Services

  27. New Organizational Options • Fulfillment • Discovery • Social engagement • Delivery (all media and formats) • Dynamic procurement: demand-driven acquisitions, peer institutions, unaffiliated institutions • Blended processes to deliver library content to users (local, remote, owned, licensed, etc.) • Collection Management • Local + shared collections • Global Metadata • Curation • Preservation • Research Services • Support for library collections • Involvement with research data

  28. Policies LicenseTerms BIB Vendors Holding / Items CircTransact User Vendor E-JournalTitles $$$ Funds LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model Public Interfaces: Staff Interfaces: ` Application Programming Interfaces Circulation Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog E-resourceProcurement LicenseManagement Protocols: CORE

  29. New Library Management Model Unified Presentation Layer Search: Self-Check /Automated Return Library Services Platform ` Digital Coll Consolidated index Discovery Service ProQuest API Layer StockManagement EBSCO … Enterprise ResourcePlanning Smart Cad / Payment systems JSTOR LearningManagement AuthenticationService Other Resources

  30. Comprehensive Resource Management • No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials • ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model • Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

  31. Libraries need a new model of library automation • Not an Integrated Library System or Library Management System • The ILS/LMSwas designed to help libraries manage print collections • Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections • Other library automation products evolved: • Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

  32. Library Services Platform • Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections,fulfillrequests, and deliver services • Services • Service oriented architecture • Exposes Web services and other API’s • Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users • Platform • General infrastructure for library automation • Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service • Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

  33. Library Services Platform Characteristics • Highly Shared data models • Knowledgebase architecture • Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores • Delivered through software as a service • Multi-tenant • Unified workflows across formats and media • Flexible metadata management • MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX • New Bibliographic Framework • New structures not yet invented • Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

  34. Metadata Management • ILS: Encourages local practice • Record customization • Many libraries make similar local changes • Copy Cataloging model: isolated bibliographic databases • LSP: Global perspective • Single, robust, high-quality record • Globally shared knowledge base • Options for local data elements in global context

  35. Library Services Platforms

  36. Development Schedule

  37. Development Resources

  38. Beginning of a new cycle of transition Over the course of the next decade, academic libraries will replace their current legacy products with new platforms Not just a change of technology but a substantial change in the ways that libraries manage their resources and deliver their services Development / Deployment perspective

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