Clavicle bone

1. Clavicle bone 1- Shaft: Lateral one third: Convex backward to meet the scapula. Medial end: Convex forward to give room behined and below the clavicle for passage of large vessels and nerves between neck and axilla. 3 1 2

2. Clavicle bone 3 1 2 2-Medial end: Enlarged. 3-Lateral end: Flattened.

3. scapula Posterior view Anterior view

4. Scapula Surfaces of scapula • Anterior surface: • Directed forward and medially, because of the oblique plane of the scapula. • Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa. • It shows three or four ridges for the origin of subscapularis muscle. • Posterior surface: • Directed backward and laterally. • Slightly convex.

5. Scapula Borders of scapula • Lateral border: Thick rough border. • Medial border: Thin border. • Superior border: Thin and sharp.

6. Scapula Angles of scapula • Inferior angle Acute angle and over the 7th rib or 7th intercostal space. • Superior angle Nearly a right and lies over the 2nd rib. • Lateral angle Broadened and may be regarded as the head of scapula and is connected to the flat body by a slightly constricted neck

7. Scapula Processes of scapula • Spine of scapula: Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting backward from the upper part of dorsal surface. • Acromion process: It is a rectangular process which projects upward and forward as a continuation of the lateral end of the crest of the spine.

8. Humerus • Upper end: Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity: • Head: • Forms less than half of a large sphere. • Directed upwards, backwards and medially to articulate with glenoid cavity. • Anatomical neck: • It is a faint constriction immediately adjoining the margin of the head. It is relatively thick. • Lesser tuberosity: • Projects forwards immediately below the anatomical neck. • Greater tuberosity: • Occupies the lateral part of the upper end of the humerus. • Its anterior margin continues down • wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove. 1 1 2 2 3 3

9. Humerus • Shaft: It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces: Borders: • Anterior border: • In the upper part it becomes continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital groove. • It is smooth and rounded in lower half of the shaft. • Medial border: • At the middle of the shaft, it presents a rough area for muscular attachment (coraco-brachialis). • Lateral border: • About the middle of the shaft, it is interrupted by the radial or spiral groove. Surfaces: • Anteromedial surface: Smooth. • Anterolateral surface: Its middle part marked by rough area which called deltoid tuberosity. • Posterior surface: Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow groove (radial or spiral groove). 1 1 2 2 3 3

10. Humerus • Lower end: It is expanded transversely and presents articular and non-articular portiobns: • Articular portion: The condyle; conjoined capitulum and trochlia). It is divided by a faint groove into capitulum laterally and trochlea medially to articulate with radius and ulna forming the elbow joint. • Non-articular portion: Includes the medial and lateral epicondyles and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossa. 1 1 2 2 3 3

11. ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. • Upper end: Massive hook-like with the cocavity of the hook directed forward. It has: • Olecranon process: The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper part bends forwards to form a prominent tip. • Coronoid process: Projects forward from the upper end of the shaft and its anterior tip is received into the coronoid fossa. • Trochlea notch: A deeply concave articular surface which articulates with trochlea of humerus to form part of elbow joint. 1 2 3

12. ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. • Shaft: It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders. 1 2 Anterior surface. Medial surface. Posterior surface. Lateral border. Anterior border. Posterior border. 3

13. ulna It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated. • Lower end: Formed of head and styloid process: • Head: Is rounded. • Styloid process: A short rounded projection. 1 2 3

14. Radius It is the lateral bone of the forearm. • Radial head: • Is disc shaped. • Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus to form part of the elbow joint. • Shaft: • Gently curved being convex laterally. 1 2 3

15. Radius • Lower end: A flattened expanded end having five surface: • Anterior surface. • Posterior surface. • Lateral surface. • Medial surface. • Inferior surface. 1 2 3

16. Hand bones • Carpal bones: 8 in number and are arranged in two rows: • Proximal row: • Scaphoid bone. • Lunate bone. • Triquitral bone. • Pisiform bone. • Distal row: • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Capitate • Hamate 1 2 2 3 3

17. Hand bones • Metacarpal bones: Are five bones numbered from one to five, from the thumb to the little finger. • Phalanges: The thumb has two phalanges while each of the other finger has three phalanges. 1 2 2 3 3

18. Muscles of upper limbs • Deltoid Function: *Anterior fibers: flexion Shoulder. #Middle fibers: abduct Shoulder. Posterior fibers: extend Shoulder. # *

19. Muscles of upper limbs • Biceps brachii • Function: flex the Elbow 2. Triceps • Function: extend the elbow 1 2

20. Muscles of upper limbs Flexors of wrist and fingers: • Superficial group: • Pronator teres. • Flexor carpi radialis. • Palmaris longus. • Flexor carpi ulnaris. • Flexor digitorum superficialis. • Deep group: • Flexor pollicis longus. • Flexor digitorum profundus. • Pronator quadratus.

21. Muscles of upper limbs Extensors of wrist and fingers • Superficial group: • Brachioradialis. • Extensor carpi radialis longus. • Extensor carpi radialis brevis. • Extensor digitorum. • Extensor digiti minimi • Extensor carpi ulnaris • Anconeus. • Deep group: • Supinator. • Abductor pollicis longus. • Extensor pollicis brevis. • Extensor pollicis longus. • Extensor indicis.

22. Joint of upper limbs • Shoulder joint: • Type: synovial, ball and socket. • Articulation between Head of humerus and glenoid cavity. • Movements allowed: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation.

23. Joint of upper limbs • Elbow joint: • Type: synovial, hinge joint. • Articulation between • Capitulum of humerus and head of radius. • Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna. • Movements allowed: Flexion and extension.

24. Joints of upper limbs • Wrist joint: • Type: synovial, biaxial joint. • Articulation between lower end of radius and carpal bones( scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral). • Movements allowed: Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation.

25. Rib cage and sternum • Rib cage is composed of: • Sternum: Is commonly known as the breastbone and is divided into three areas: • Manubrium with suprasternal notch. • Body with costal notches • Xiphoid process. Manubrium Body xiphoid

26. Rib cage and sternum • Ribs: • Which attached to transverse process of vertebra. • The bend in the rib is known as the rib angle. Rib Transverse process

27. Hip bone It is a large bone formed of 3 parts: 1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 of the hip bone. 2- Ischium: forms the lower and posterior 2/5 of the hip bone. 3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 of the hip bone. 1 3 2

28. Right and left differentiation Look to: Iliac crest lies above Acetabulum lies laterally Ischial tuberosity lies below and behind

29. The femur 1 2 3 The longest bone of the body 45 cm forming the skeleton of the thigh. It consists of; 1-Upper end; head , neck, and two trochanters. The head: It is spherical in shape; directed upward, forward and medially. The neck: It is 5cm long. It joins the shaft at the neck shaft angle which is about 110°-140°.

30. The femur 1 2 3 The grater trochanter: A quadrangular elevation which lies laterally at the junction of the neck with the shaft. The lesser trochanter: A conical projection which lies posterior-medially at the junction of the neck with the shaft.

31. The femur 1 2 3 2-The shaft: Anteriorly: it is forward. Posteriorly: A- the upper 1/3 of the shaft is bounded medially. B- the middle 1/3 shows a rough central ridge called linea aspera. C- the lower 1/3 is called popliteal surface.

32. The femur 1 2 3 3- lower end: It is expanded and consists of medial and lateral condyles which are fused anteriorly to form a patellar surface and separated posteriorly to form an intercondylar fossa.

33. Rt.and Lt. differentiation Look to; The head lies above and medially 2. The shaft : convex and smooth anteriorly Linea aspera posteriorly

34. Patella Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2 surfaces Base: it gives attachment to 3 vasti and rectus femoris muscles. Apex: gives attachment to the patellar ligament.

35. Patella Anterior surface: rough and subcutaneous. Posterior surface: its upper part is smooth and articular surface divided by vertical ridge into a large lateral facet and smaller one.

36. Rt. & LT. Look to; Base directs upward Apex directs downwards. Ant. surfaces; articular its lateral area is larger then medial

37. Tibia 1 2 3 Two ends and shaft: 1-upper end: Tuberosity: a projection Which lies anteriorly and has A smooth upper part for attachment of patellar ligament. Medial condyle: it is larger than the lateral one and its upper articular surface is oval.

38. Tibia Lateral condyle: its upper articular surface is circular. Intercondylar area: arough non articular area present between the 2 articular surfaces of the 2 condyles.

39. Tibia 2- shaft: Triangular in cross section; it shows: 3 borders: anterior, medial and interosseus. 3 surfaces: medial, lateral and posterior.

40. Tibia 3-Lower end: It has 5 surfaces: 1-anterior surface: smooth. 2-posterior surface: has a vertical groove for the tendon of tibialis posterior. 3-medial surface: smooth and subcutaneous, it projects downward forming the medial malleolus.

41. Tibia 4-lateral surface: has a fibular notch to articulate with the lower end of fibula. 5-inferior surface: articulates with the body of talus at the ankle joint.

42. Rt.& Lt. Look to; Condyles of tibia lie upward Tuberosity and shin of tibia lie anteriorly Medial malleolus lie downwards and medially

43. Foot Bones 1- Tarsus 2- Metatarsus 3-Phalanges 1 2 3

44. Foot Bones • 1- Tarsus: • It is made of 7 bones arranged in 2 rows: • Proximal row (talus above and calcaneus below). • Distal row (consists of cuboid laterally, and 3 cuneiforms medially). • In between 2 rows: the navicular bone lies medially. 1 2 3

45. Foot Bones • 2- metatarsus: • It is formed of 5 metatarsal bones; one for each toe. • The metatarsal bone has a base, a shaft and a head. 1 2 3

46. Foot Bones • 3- The phalanges: • Each toe has 3 phalanges (exept the big toe which has only 2 phalanges). • Each phalanx is formed of a base, a shaft and a head. 1 2 3

48. Muscles of lower limb • Muscles of anterior aspect of the hip: • Iliopsoas • Function: Powerful flexion and medial rotation of the thigh upon the pelvis. 1

49. Muscles of lower limb • Muscles of posterior aspect of the hip: • Gluteus maximus • Function: extension of hip 1

50. Muscles of lower limb • Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip: 1. Glutues medius • Function: abducts the femur 1