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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Science Skills. Prepared By: Dr. James M. Sabo, EdD, ATC, LAT. Teachers Updated 1/17/07. Science is????. A system of knowledge and methods you use to find that knowledge. Science begins with curiosity and ends with DISCOVERY…. Science is either pure or applied.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Science Skills Prepared By: Dr. James M. Sabo, EdD, ATC, LAT Teachers Updated 1/17/07

  2. Science is???? • A system of knowledge and methods you use to find that knowledge. Science begins with curiosity and ends with DISCOVERY….

  3. Science is either pure or applied. gathering new information, new relationships or facts. This adds to the current body of scientific knowledge, but may not have practical uses YET. • Pure Science = Technology (Applied Science) = use of knowledge to solve problems or the practical use of scientific information. Both pure science and technology/applied science are key parts to science as a whole.

  4. Curiosityprovides the questions, Methodssuch as observing and measuring provides the answers.

  5. Science and Technology are interdependent, advances in one leads to advances in the other. • Phones, invented in 1876, 1927 first call over seas, WWII first mobile phone, to current cell phones and the internet.

  6. Branches of Natural Science • Life Science = living organisms • Earth/Space Science = earth & space • Physical Science = matter & energy (grouped by physics & chemistry) • Each category can be divided into a variety of subdivisions and branches.

  7. = the study of everything measurable in the universe {space & time, matter & change, forces & motion and energy (many forms)} Physics and Chemistry) • Physical Science Plants, animals,rocks, clouds, lightning, thunder and motion are a few examples

  8. Science and your Perspective!!!!! • Science is a process and a body of knowledge. • The scientific facts and knowledge of today might change tomorrow. • You must be aware of this and be prepared to accept or reject the new information based on the body of knowledge. YOU might be the one to make a discovery that will change the facts of tomorrow.

  9. Detecting Clues/Solving Problems • Science, more than collecting facts & sorting data, the main focus is on Solving Problems/Answering Questions for every day or abstract problems.

  10. What is a problem/question???? • a situation in which something appears to be missing. Solving problems/questions, involve finding missing information, but it’s not always clear what information is missing.

  11. Solving Problems/Answering Questions • YOU MUST UNDERSTAND what the problem/question is before you can solve it. • Finding a starting point can be difficult. • Making sure the problem/question is defined clearly.

  12. Plan a Systemic Strategy • Use what you now about the problem to predict a solution and try it. Keep eliminating possibilities until it works. • Look for patterns that will help make predictions about the problem. Pay attention, make a table/graph looking for a pattern.

  13. Think Critically - Critical Thinking • A process that uses certain skills to solve a problem. • -Identify the problem • -Separate important information from unimportant information • -Examine assumptions • -Analyze your conclusion

  14. Scientific Method • The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event. It is an organized plan for gathering, organizing and communicating information.

  15. Scientific Methods • A series of steps used to solve a problem. Observation=using your senses and scientific tools to gather information. Good observations lead to testable predictions. Hypothesis= A prediction or proposed answer to a question that will be tested by conducting experiments and making further observations. The findings can be supported or unsupported and never 100% correct. Differences of opinions and conflicting results are normal.

  16. Testing a Hypothesis = perform experiments to test the hypothesis. • Experiment = an organized procedure for testing a hypothesis. • When scientists conduct experiments, they usually are seeking new information.

  17. Drawing a conclusion ***you need a control*** • Control= standard used for comparison. In an experiment, a control shows that your result is related to the condition you’re testing and not to some other condition.

  18. Constants • Constant = a factor that doesn’t vary in an experiment.

  19. Dependent and Independent Variables • Manipulated or Independent variable = causes a change in the other variable. ****Y axis/vertical axis**** (length of time, speed) • Responding or Dependent variable = a factor whose value changes or depends upon the value of the manipulated/ independent variable. ****X axis/ horizontal **** (amount of temperature, damage)

  20. Watch your “steps:” • Keeping accurate records for an experiment will help you to draw conclusions and decide what to do next in your investigation. It will also allow others to duplicate your investigation.

  21. Scientists usually agree: • Determine the problem: • What do you want to find out? • Make a hypothesis: • What prediction do you want to test? • Test your hypothesis: • What steps can you take to reach a conclusion about your hypothesis? What measurements should you record?

  22. Analyze the results: • What happens during your experiment? • Draw conclusions: • Is your hypothesis supported? Should it be changed?

  23. Conclusions • Statement about the data results, What happened??? • To be sure of your conclusions, you should repeat the experiment several times. These may or may not support your hypothesis.

  24. Theories and Laws • Theory = the most logical explanation of why things work the way they do based on many observations. Theories can change as new information is found.

  25. Theories and Laws • Scientific Law= a rule of nature that sums up related observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature. Lawspredict what will happen and Theoriesexplain the law.

  26. Plan a Systemic Strategy • A model, an idea, or structure that represents whatever you’re trying to explain. Models make it easier to understand things that are too difficult to observe directly. • Break the problem down into smaller, simpler problems. Solve it step by step.

  27. Scientifically Tested • Scientists : • Gather information from observations • Look for patterns • Form hypotheses • Test their hypotheses with experiments • Draw conclusions • Communicate results

  28. The main work of scientists revolves around experiments: • Designing them • Performing them • Studying their outcomes • Deciding whether more experiments need to be done

  29. Play It Safe • -Read all directions • -Dress appropriately • -Think about what your doing • -Understand safety symbols • -Keep work station neat • -Watch all demos

  30. Physical Science = matter & energy (grouped by physics & chemistry) Forensic Science Life Science = living organisms

  31. What else do we measure?????

  32. Scientific Notation • Ability to make very large or very small numbers easier to work with. • Ex. 300,000,000 = • Ex. 0.00086 = ***Always have 1 number in front of the decimal point. • Less than 1 numbers are (-) • Greater than 1 numbers are (+) • (X) numbers= (X) numbers & (+) exponents • (/) numbers= (/) numbers & (-) exponents

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