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Lecture 3: Implications & Extensions of Mass & Energy Balance

This lecture explores the standard DEB model, which specifies the fluxes of organic and mineral compounds in organisms. It also discusses the allocation of mass fluxes to reproduction and the acceleration of development in various species.

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Lecture 3: Implications & Extensions of Mass & Energy Balance

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  1. Lecture 3 Implications & extensions

  2. Mass & energy balance The standard DEB model specifies fluxes of 4 organic compounds food, faeces, structure (growth), reserve (including reproduction) The fluxes of 4 mineral compounds (CO2, H2O, O2, NH3) follow from conservation of chemical elements C, H, O, N and strong homeostasis The standard DEB model assumes that only food is limiting Dissipating heat follows from conservation of energy and strong homeostasis (constant chemical potentials)

  3. Method of indirect calorimetry Empirical origin (multiple regression): Lavoisier 1780 Heat production = wC CO2-production + wO O2-consumption + wN N-waste production DEB-explanation: Mass and heat fluxes = wA assimilation + wD dissipation + wG growth Applies to CO2, O2, N-waste, heat, food, faeces, … For V1-morphs: dissipation  maintenance

  4. Mass fluxes allocation to reproduction  flux use of reserve not balanced by feeding in embryo  flux notice small dent due to transition maturation  reproduction At abundant food: growth ceases at l = 1

  5. Diapauze 2.6.2c seeds of heather Calluna vulgaris can germinate after 100 year

  6. Foetal development Foetus develops like egg but rate not restricted by reserve (because supply during development) Initiation of development can be delayed by implantation egg cell Nutritional condition of mother only affects foetus in extreme situations weight, g Mus musculus time, d Data: MacDowell et al 1927

  7. 1.1.4J, cont 2 Egg-foetus transitions in Poeciliopsis P. elongata P. fasciata P. turrubarensis

  8. Dynamic mixtures of V0- & V1-morphs Respiration: assim + maint + growth Assim, maint  mass Growth in diam  time at constant food V0-morph V1-morph

  9. 33 33 33 33 33 16 16 16 16 16 0.5 cm/yr 0.5 cm/yr 0.5 cm/yr 0.5 cm/yr 0.5 cm/yr 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 Dynamic mixtures of V0- & V1-morphs Celleporella 15 cm/yr White et al 2011 Am. Nat., 178: 746-754

  10. 33 16 0.5 cm/yr 5 2 Dynamic mixtures of V0- & V1-morphs Celleporella 33, 24 cm/yr White et al 2011 Am. Nat., 178: 746-754

  11. Acceleration of development Embryo: isomorphic v constant Early juvenile: V1-morphic v, {pAm} increase with length Late juvenile/adult: isomorphic v, {pAm} constant Found in: bivalves, gastropods, copepods, amphipods, decapods, collembolas, echinoderms, lancelets, tunas, flatfish, anchovy, Danio, caecilians, marsupials

  12. Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus 7.8.2 embryo 0.16 cm 0.22 cm length, cm 0.4 cm 0.9 cm time, d 1.2 cm >4 cm Pecquerie 2008 PhD thesis VU A’dam

  13. Stage transitions at maturity thresholds 7.8.2a Danio rerio 28.5°C Augustine et al 2011 Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 159 :275–283

  14. Stage transitions at maturity thresholds 7.8.2b < birth : isomorph birth-metamorphosis: V1-morph > metamorphosis : isomorph Danio rerio 28.5°C Data: Lauwrence et al 2008 caloric restiction Data: Augustine Augustine et al 2011 Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 159 :275–283

  15. Acceleration of development 7.8.2c acceleration development no yes indirect Crinia georgiana Pseudophryne bibronii direct Crinia nimbus Geocrinia vitellina

  16. 1 ¾ ½  ¼ 0 1 ¾ ½  ¼ 0 Acceleration of development 7.8.2d Mueller et al 2011, subm Crinia georgiana max dry weight 500 mg metam hatch birth metam birth Dry mass, mg hatch O2 nmol/h 12 °C age, d age, d Pseudophryne bibronii metam max dry weight 200 mg metam birth hatch Dry mass, mg hatch birth O2 nmol/h age, d age, d

  17. Aging 6.1g

  18. Aging: relation to O2-use 6.1h, 7.8.1 survival prob Reodruction rate, #/d 0.374 high food 10/20°C high food 10/10°C low food 10/20°C 0.547 0.630 time, d time, d Survival in adult Notiophilus biguttatus modified by food and temperature Differences in life span are caused by differences in respiration Data: Ernsting & Isaaks 1997

  19. Aging: sex differentiation 6.1i survival prob body length, mm time, d time, d Differences in aging between sexes are caused by differences in g Data on Daphnia magna: MacArthur & Baillie 1929

  20. Aging: endotherms & feeding 6.1l feeding level 1 body weight, g embryo weight, g 0.75 0.44 time, d time, d 0.44 survival probability • Life span • hardly depends on food in ecotherms • decreases for increasing food in endotherms 0.75 1 time, d Mus musculus data: Weindruch et al 1986, MacDowell et al 1927 Van Leeuwen et al 2002 Biogerontology3: 373-381

  21. Aging & Energetics 6.1m Olm Proteus anguinus: a† > 100 a ab = 140 d, ap = 14 a, R = 35/12.5 a-1 Can live 10 months without food, so can switch to torpor state Voituron et al 2010 Biol. Lett.

  22. Aging 6.1.1

  23. Aging module of DEB theory 6.1.1a

  24. Aging: non-growing ectotherms 6.1.1b Weibull with shape parameter 3 survival probability Data: Rose 1984 time, d

  25. Aging in adult insects 7.8.1 survival based on observed reproduction No growth Weibull Model =3 surviving number # of eggs/beetle, d-1 initial random mort surviving number age after eclosion, d age after eclosion, d age after eclosion, d Data: Ernsting & Isaaks, 1991 Data: Rose 1984 High food, 20/10 °C 0.63 a-2 High food, 10 °C 0.547 a-2 Low food, 20/10 °C 0.374 a-2 Notiophilus biguttatus Drosophila melanogaster

  26. General Weibull fits DEB 6.1.1c • Both models are fitted to the same data • They fit equally well and have both 4 parameters • Contrary to the Weibull model the DEB model • is based on tested assumptions • has links with energetics via hW and hG. Data from Elandt-Johnson & Johnson 1980 for white USA males in the period 1969-1971

  27. Aging: growing ectotherms 6.1.1d survival prob body weight, g time, d time, d Weibull with shape 3 fits ectothermic survival well, even if growth period not small relative to life span Data: Slob & Janse 1988

  28. Aging: Function 6.1.3 • Observation: • Aging related hazard rate • remains low during embryonic and juvenile stages • becomes high at start of reproduction • Suggestion: • Organisms • decrease protection level in adult stage • use ROS to create genetic diversity among gametes • use genetic diversity for adaptation to changing environment • efficient defence (peroxidase dismutase) or repair systems • or reduced ROS production can increase life span, • but reduce genome diversity

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