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Understanding ADHD: Prevalence, Evaluation & Educational Strategies

Learn about ADHD, its history, prevalence, etiologies, social issues, assessment methods, and educational considerations for students. Discover how to help students with ADHD succeed and support adolescents and adults with the disorder.

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Understanding ADHD: Prevalence, Evaluation & Educational Strategies

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  1. Chapter Seven Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  2. Defining Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • ADHD is described as “a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) • ADHD is not a separate disability category; it is in the Other Health Impaired (OHI) category • Students with ADHD may be eligible for special education or Section 504 services

  3. Brief History of the Field • 1902- “defective moral conduct” • 1930s- discovery of stimulant medications • 1940s and 1950s- Strauss syndrome • 1950s and 1960s- “minimal brain injury” • 1960s- “hyperactive child syndrome” • 1980s- shift of focus to observable behaviors rather than speculating about brain injury

  4. Prevalence of ADHD • Affects 3% to 5% of school-aged children (estimated 1.5 to 2.5 million children) • ADHD is one of the most chronic childhood conditions • There has been an increase in recent years in the number of students identified in the Other Health Impaired category • Boys are more likely than girls to receive a diagnosis of ADHD

  5. Suspected Etiologies of ADHD Neurological dysfunction • Anatomical differences and brain chemistry imbalances Hereditary factors • Family studies and twin studies Environmental factors • Pre-, peri-, and postnatal traumas Watch this video to learn more about brain differences in children with ADHD

  6. Social and Behavioral Issues • Behavioral inhibition and executive functioning: affects ability to self-regulate • Social and emotional issues: difficulties making and maintaining friendships, range of emotional difficulties • Comorbidity: ADHD frequently co-exists with other disabilities

  7. Assessment of Students with ADHD Multidimensional evaluation process Medical evaluation Behavioral/educational evaluation Common assessment tools: • DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) • Rating scales • ADHD Rating Scale-IV • Conners’ Teachers Rating Scale-Revised

  8. Educational Considerations • It is not possible to determine accurate statistics regarding the educational placement of students with ADHD due to their inclusion in the Other Health Impaired category. • It seems a safe assumption that most students with ADHD receive some or all of their education in the regular education classroom. • Students with ADHD may receive a special education or accommodations under Section 504. Watch this video to explore strategies to help students with ADHD to succeed in school

  9. Educational Considerations • Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) • Self-regulation/monitoring • Home-school collaboration • Instructional modifications • Stimulant medication

  10. Adolescents and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Important considerations: • Educational/Vocational Outcomes • Marriage and Relationships • Family Relationships

  11. Issues of Diversity • ADHD diagnosis may reflect cultural biases of the evaluators • Difficulty in identification of ADHD in individuals from culturally or linguistically diverse backgrounds

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