Male Reproductive System

1. Male Reproductive System

3. Male Reproductive System • Testis – male gonads • Epididymis - structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored – Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules • vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra • Prostate gland – large gland that secretes semen directly into the urethra • Urethra - tube through which urine and semen are released from the body • Penis - external male reproductive organ that connects the urethra to the outside of the body • Spermatogenesis – the meiotic process of sperm production

5. Female Reproductive System

6. Female Reproductive System

7. Female Reproductive System • The main structures of the female reproductive system are the • Ovaries – where meiosis occurs • Fallopian tubes (oviduct) – where fertilization occurs; after ovulation the egg moves through the oviduct to the uterus • Uterus – where the blastula stage of the embryo will implant and develop during the 9 month gestation • Vagina – birth canal • Cervix – mouth of the uterus • Endometrium – lining of the uterus • In addition to producing eggs, the female reproductive system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing embryo.

8. Female Reproductive System • Follicle - cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system • Ovulation - process in which an egg is released from the ovary

9. Female Reproductive System

10. Menstrual Cycle • Human females release a gamete (egg) about every 28 days from puberty to menopause • Follicular Phase • follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from pituitary gland • Increasing amount of estrogen released • Ovulation • Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to an increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation) • Luteal Phase • After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium • Menstruation • If implantation of the embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

11. Menstrual Cycle • Follicular Phase • follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from pituitary gland • Increasing amount of estrogen released • Ovulation • Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to an increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation) • Luteal Phase • After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium • Menstruation • If implantation of the embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

12. Fertilization and Development • Monoploid (n) Egg is Released • Fertilization – Usually occurs in the upper region of the fallopian tube • Zygote – a fertilized egg • Cleavage – rapid mitotic divisions which occurs after fertilization • Zygote  Morula  Blastula • Implantation – Usually occurs 6 to 7 days after fertilization. • Blastula undergoes gastrulation  Gastrula • Gastrulation - process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed within the cavity of a blastocyst

13. Zygote  Cleavage  • Blastula  Gastrulation  • Gastrula  Organogenesis  • Fetus

14. Endocrine System Regulatory System separate, but works together with the Nervous System to: Maintain Homeostasis

15. Endocrine System and Nervous System • Endocrine • Secretes hormones. • Nervous • Secretes neurotransmitters • In one case: • Epinephrine (adrenaline) – works for both systems • Endocrine – Fight or Flight hormone released by adrenal gland • Nervous – neurotransmitter which relays messages from one neuron  another neuron

16. Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells Travel through blood  target cell, tissue, organ Can produce either: immediate, short-lived response epinephrine Dramatic, long-term development or an entire organism Metamorphosis Hormones (chemicals)

17. Tropic Hormones • Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones. (far reaching affects) • Anterior Pituitary Gland TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) • TSH stimulates thyroid  Thyroxin controls metabolic rate

18. Hypothalamus • Bridge between the Endocrine and Nervous systems • Nervous System • Fight-or-Flight – sends electrical signals (impulses)  adrenal gland  epinephrine • Endocrine • Produces oxytocin and antidiuretic homone Stores it in pituitory gland

19. Self-regulating mechanism that increases or decreases an action or the level of a particular substance Positive Feedback – labor Contractions begin  baby head to uterine opening  more contraction  more pressure Negative Feedback Thyroxin levels in blood Hypothalamus  TSH stimulates thyroid  thyoxin  hypothalamus stop making TSH Feedback Mechanisms

20. Steroids  lipids – cholesterol Can diffuse though membranes Non-steroid Hormones Proteins, small peptides, modified amino acids Not membrane soluble Triggers secondary mess. cAMO Hormone Action

23. Excretory System Removal of Wastes

24. Excretory System • Aids in the removal of waste materials • Skin • Lungs • Kidneys

25. The kidney • Maintains homeostasis by controlling pH, water levels, blood volume, and waste materials • Ureter – tube which carries urine to the urinary bladder. • Nephron – functional unit of the kidney (about 1 million in each kidney) • Glomerulus – small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron by a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsul • Loop of Henle – section of the nephron tubule where water is conserved, minimizing the amount of urine.

26. Kidney

27. The Skeletal System

28. The Skeletal System • The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.

29. Bone Structure • Periosteum - tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone • Haversian canal - one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves • bone marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow

30. Bone Structure

31. Bone Formation • Cartilage - strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone • Ossification - process of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by bone • Osteoblast – Helps to form bone • Osteocyte – Helps to maintain bone • Osteoclast – Helps to breakdown bone

32. Joints • Joint - place where one bone attaches to another • Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as: • Immovable Joints - fused together (skull) • Slightly Movable Joints – vertebrae; tibia, fibula • Freely Movable Joints

33. Freely Moveable Joints

34. Joint Structure • Ligament - strip of tough connective tissue in a joint that holds bones together • Tendon – strip of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

35. The Muscular System

36. The Muscular System • There are three different types of muscle tissue: • Skeletal – striated muscle (dark and light banding) • Smooth – spindle shaped, one nucleus, not striated • cardiac – smaller cells, striated

37. Skeletal Muscle Structure

38. The Integumentary System

39. Integumentary System • The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

40. Skin Formation • Epidermis - outer layer of the skin, formed by epithelial cells • The outer layer of the epidermis is formed of dead, flattened cells that have been toughened by keratin • The inner layer of the epidermis forms new cells and those cells are pushed up to the surface of the epidermis • Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin • Melanin - dark-brown pigment found in skin

41. Skin • Epidermis - outer layer of the skin • Dermis - innermost layer of the skin • collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs, smooth muscles, and hair follicles • Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Glands • Subcutaneous Layer – formed by a loose connective tissue called adipose (fat)

42. Skin

43. Hair and Nails • Hair – functions: protection form UV rays, insulation, protection (dead keratin filled cells) • hair follicle - tubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair • Nails – form in a similar process as skin. Keratin helps to harden nails