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Automatic Control Introduction

Automatic Control Introduction. Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Instructor. Instructor: Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly Classes and office hours: every Tuesday Email: aly.mousaad@pua.edu.eg Teaching assistants:

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Automatic Control Introduction

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  1. Automatic ControlIntroduction Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University

  2. Instructor • Instructor: Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly • Classes and office hours: every Tuesday • Email: aly.mousaad@pua.edu.eg • Teaching assistants: Eng. KhaledHassib (ME221) Eng. Nermine E. Shehata (EE290) Eng. Sherif Omar (EE290)

  3. Course Materials Slides: Will be available online . Text Books: K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 1997. References: • N. Nise, Control Systems Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. • R.C. Dorf and R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 11th ed. Pearson Education Inc., 2008.

  4. Grading • Class participation, quizzes and assignments • First midterm exam • Second midterm exam • Final examination

  5. Why to study “Automatic Control”? • The study of automatic control is essential for students pursuing degrees in many engineering disciplines (mechanical, electrical, structural, aerospace, biomedical, or chemical). • Applications of automatic control include, but not limited to, aircraft, robots, civil engineering structures, process control, …., etc. • Automatic control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and science.

  6. What is “Control”? • Make some object (called system, or plant) behave as we desire. • Imagine “control” around you! Room temperature control Car driving Voice volume control Balance of bank account “Control” (move) the position of the pointer etc.

  7. What is “Automatic Control”? • Not manual! • Why do we need automatic control? Convenient (room temperature, laundry machine) Dangerous (hot/cold places, space, bomb removal) Impossible for human (nanometer scale precision positioning, work inside the small space that human cannot enter, huge antennas control, elevator) It exists in nature. (human body temperature control) High efficiency (engine control) • Many examples of automatic control around us

  8. Example: temple doors opened by fire on an altar Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (10–70 AD)

  9. Example: vending machine Heron's COIN automat

  10. Example: laundry machine A laundry machine washes clothes, by setting a program. A laundry machine does not measure how clean the clothes become. Control without measuring devices (sensors) are called open-loop control. Program setting (Input) Laundry Machine Washed clothes (Output)

  11. Open-loop control systems Advantages: • Simple construction and ease of maintenance. • There is no stability concern. • Convenient when output is hard to measure or measuring the output precisely is economically not feasible. (For example, in the washer system, it would be quite expensive to provide a device to measure the quality of the washer's output, cleanliness of the clothes). Disadvantages: • Disturbances and changes in calibration cause errors, and the output may be different from what is desired. • Recalibration is necessary from time to time.

  12. Closed-loop (feedback) control In this approach, the quantity to be controlled, say C, is measured, compared with the desired value, R, and the error between the two, E = R - C used to adjust C. This means that the control action is somehow dependent on the output. .

  13. Example: autopilot mechanism Its purpose is to maintain a specified airplane heading, despite atmospheric changes. It performs this task by continuously measuring the actual airplane heading, and automatically adjusting the airplane control surfaces (rudder, ailerons, etc.) so as to bring the actual airplane heading into correspondence with the specified heading.

  14. Example: antenna azimuth

  15. Example: antenna azimuth

  16. Feedback and Feedforward • Feedback mechanism:Ability of a machine to self-correct its operation by using some part of its output as input. • Feedforward mechanism:Ability of a machine to examine the raw materials that come to it and then decide what operations to perform. Letter-sorting machines in post offices are of this type. The machine sorts a letter by reading the zip code on the address and then sending the letter to the appropriate subsystem. (other examples include, metro gate, automatic coin machine, etc.).

  17. Basic elements of control loop Disturbance The role of the controller is to make the output following the reference in a “satisfactory” manner even under disturbances. Error Ref. Input Output Controller Actuator Plant Sensor

  18. Better Sensors Provide better Vision Better Actuators Provide more Muscle playing sport Example: Better ControlProvides more finesse by combining sensors and actuators in more intelligent ways

  19. Course goals Disturbance Error Ref. Input Output Controller Actuator Plant Sensor Implementation Modeling Controller Mathematical model Design Analysis

  20. Procedure

  21. Summary • Introduction: Control essentiality Examples of control systems Open loop versus closed loop control systems • Next Lecture: Laplace Transformation Review

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