Bioenergetics (Bio.A.3)

1. Bioenergetics (Bio.A.3)

2. The Carbon Cycle • The Carbon Cycle - the movement of carbon between the organisms, atmosphere, oceans, and soil. • The exchange of carbon happens between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.

3. Abiotic Environments • Carbon exists in abiotic environments as: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in atmosphere and in oceans • Carbonate rocks (CaCO3) • Examples: limestone and coral • Fossil Fuels • Example: coal, petroleum, and natural gas • Dead organic material

4. Biotic Environments • Plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to make food • Phytoplankton – floating organisms that do photosynthesis • Animals eat foods that contain carbon. • Zooplankton – floating organisms that eat food containing carbon • Remember… • Autotrophsor producers areliving things that make their own food (sugar). • Hetertrophs or consumers are living things that must eat their food.

5. Once the carbon is in living organisms, it is further converted and released: • Consumption - carbon transferred to a consumer when an organism is eaten • Decomposition - carbon transferred to the soil via the decay of a dead organism • Respiration - carbon released into the air as CO2 gas

7. Carbon Sinks • Carbon Sink – a natural or manmade reservoir that holds and stores carbon for long periods of time • Ex: Landfills and oceans

8. When living things die, they will decompose into the soil, and press together to turn into a fossil fuel. Ex. natural gas, oil, and coal Fossil fuels are carbon sinks. Fossil Fuels Carbon Cycle Tutorial

10. A Review of Light • Sunlight that we see is called “white light” • White light makes up the Visible Spectrum where we can see different colors. • The colors we see are the colors of light that are reflected! ROYG. BIV

12. Photosynthesis

14. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen) • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy (glucose). • Plants do photosynthesis to make food (glucose). • Oxygen is a byproduct. • Plants get carbon dioxide from air. • Plants get water from the soil?.

15. Remember, autotrophs are producers that include: • Plants • Algae • Some bacteria

16. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts (a type of plastid) • Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll. • Chlorophyll is the pigment that uses sunlight to make food. • Greenlight is reflected so this is why most plants appear green. • Most plants contain other pigments that help chlorophyll absorb more light. • Example: carotenoids

17. Chloroplasts

18. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2→6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP (glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) (energy) • Respiration converts the chemical energy of glucose to the chemical energy of ATP. • Living things do respiration to make energy (ATP). • Occurs in ALL living things. • CO2 and H2O are byproducts. • Mostly occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

20. ATP • Stand for Adenosine Triphosphate • The “universal” energy • Needed to run all processes necessary to support life such as thinking, running, breathing, etc. • It is a chemical that contains 3 phosphate groups and is like a fullycharged battery. • ATP releases energy by breaking off phosphate (P). • ATP  ADP + P + ENERGY

21. ADP is Adenosine Diphosphate. • It is a chemical that contains 2 phosphate groups and is like a partiallycharged battery. • ADP stores energy by adding a P. • ADP + P + ENERGY ATP

22. CELLULAR rESPIRATION • There are two major types of cellular respiration: • Aerobic respiration • Uses oxygen • Makes lots of energy (38 ATP) • Occurs in mitochondria • Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) • No oxygen needed • Makes a little energy (2ATP) • Occurs in cytoplasm • Two types: alcoholic and lactic acid

23. Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose → alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP • Ex: Yeast causes bread dough to rise when baked and alcohol evaporates.

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose → Lactic acid + 2ATP • Ex: Humans produce lactic acid in their muscles during rapid exercise (sprinting, weight lifting, etc.)

25. Global Warming

27. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse effect – gases are creating a curtain around the Earth trapping sunlight in the atmosphere, which keeps the earth warm • Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include: • Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide.

29. Global Warming • Global warming – the gradual increase of greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) increases the greenhouse effect, which increases the average global temperature

30. Causes of Global Warming • Human-caused activities have aided in global warming starting with the Industrial Revolution. • Power plants • 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry comes from coal. • Car emissions • 33% of US carbon dioxide emissions. • Deforestation • Agriculture • Methane is 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, but there is not nearly as much methane made.

32. Effects of Global Warming • Polar ice caps have been melting rapidly. • In 2006, almost all of the 300 glaciers worldwide are melting. • Sea level rising quickly. • Increased ocean temperatures • Associated with more severe weather (hurricanes).

33. This is what Spain and many different ports could look like in the future with the rising sea levels.

34. Increased acidity in oceans. • More carbon dioxide is being absorbed in the oceans, which makes carbonic acid. • Acidic oceans are killing marine life.