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Nuclear Science in Africa

Explore the latest in nuclear science and facilities in Africa, covering research, collaboration, isotope production, and more. Discover the impact on human health, food, water resources, and energy development.

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Nuclear Science in Africa

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  1. Nuclear Science in Africa (What is New or Planned) Kobus Lawrie – iThemba LABS • Nuclear Science and Facilities in Africa • Algeria and Reunion • New Developments in South Africa • AMS • New 3 MV Tandetron for Materials Research • Low Energy RIB • Accelerated RIB

  2. Facilities in Africa Particle Accelerators for Research Research Reactors

  3. Countries Participating in the IAEA AFRA programme (African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology) 5 Year Publication Output in selected Nuclear Physics Journals AFRA enjoys a membership of 34 countries in Africa • Programmes • Human health • Food and agriculture • Water resources • Sustainable energy development • Industrial applications • Radiation and waste safety South African Small Accelerator Facilities Workshop in November 2014 agreed to expand to rest of Africa

  4. Reunion GIP CYROI at the University of Reunion Small cyclotron for 18F production - applications in Medical and Biological sciences - microPET (for Preclinical Imaging) iThemba LABS collaboration on the usage of a 68Ge/68Ga generator for the development and evaluation of various 68Ga-labelled DOTA-conjugated somatostatin derivatives (peptides)

  5. Algeria • 50 year old 3.75 MV Van de Graaff – p, d and  • Mainly for Materials Science and Applications • - Stopping Power, Straggling, Sputtering, Radiation Damage • - Ion Beam Analysis (RBS, PIXE, ERDA, NRA etc) • Planned: • 6 MV Tandetron at COMENA, Algiers • with both light ion and heavy ion sources • Materials Science and Applications programmes as above • Some nuclear astrophysics studies • 3 MV Tandetron at University of Science and Technology, Algiers Current research collaboration with iThemba LABS -ray production cross sections with protons on light elements E(p) = 30 – 200 MeV (continuation of work at Orsay)

  6. South Africa Necsa: 20 MW Research Reactor (remaining life 10 -15 years) - mainly for isotope production - neutron tomography, small angle scattering, diffraction RFQ – 4 MeV deuterons for neutron production iThemba LABS: • 6 MV Van de Graaff • 6 MV Tandem • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – high current protons • K=8 solid pole cyclotron – heavy ions • K = 200 Separated Sector Cyclotron

  7. Replacement of the 50 years old Van de Graaff accelerator of iThemba LABS 3 MV Tandetron Existing Van de Graaff Ion sources for p,  and HI Delivery November 2016

  8. Ni Biological Samples: Metal-hyperaccumulating plants and related insects BerkheyacoddiiRoessl. (Asteraceae)Endemic - ultramafic soils South AfricaNickel hyperaccumulator Up to 7.6 wt.% of Ni in leaves(average 1% of dry mass)Phytoremediation and phytomining Quantitative maps of Ni distributions of Berkheyacoddii and Senecioanomalochrous leaf cross-section South Africa - 5 hyperaccumulating plants Cuba - about 130 hyperaccumulating plants Chrysolina pardalina Potential weed control

  9. Proposed layout of the 3 MV Tandetron facility at iThemba LABS Microprobe Broad beam PIXE, RBS, Channelling Heavy-ion Implantation

  10. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system at Gauteng site of iThemba LABS Refurbished Tandem fitted with Pelletron chain Electrostatic and magnetic analysers Livermore designed Ion source – 300 A

  11. High Energy Analysis system from NEC • 12C3+ transmission better than 35%. • Determined 13C3+/12C3+- in agreement with natural abundance • Identified 14C peak • 12C sample prep lab near completion • 14C dating by end of 2015

  12. Isotope Production Experimental area 70 MeV Cyclotron ISOL Isotope Production and Particle Therapy - Monday to Friday Nuclear Physics - weekends only

  13. Phase 0: (Funded $3.3m) - Design Study ($ 0.7m ) - Test Ion Source/”Demonstrator” ($2.6m) (Un-accelerated Radioactive Beam Facility) • Phase 1: (~ $ 55m) • - 70 MeV Cyclotron and beam lines • - Isotope Production Target Stations • Isotope Production moves to new facility • SSC exclusively available for physics with stable beams • and Unaccelerated Radioactive Beams from “Demonstrator” Phase 2: (~$ 55m) - ISOL target stations - Laser Ionization, mass seperation, charge breeding - Post-acceleration (existing SPC2 and SSC) - Experimental Facilities

  14. Phase 0Test Ion Sources(Demonstrator) • Later to be used for • -decay studies • Testing fundamental symmetries (lifetimes) • Materials sciences (Mössbauer, Emission channelling) • Design of Tape station under investigation • Use existing Ge detectors

  15. SPES RIB Target Collaboration with INFN Legnaro SPES direct target designed for 40 MeV at 200 A Upgraded to 70 MeV beam UCx or SiC target discs Power in this design limited to P = 70 MeV x 150 µA = 10.5 kW More than doubles the fission yield (2 x 1013)

  16. High – Power Test of SiC Target 60 μA, 66MeV = 4 kW

  17. Test Ion Source • MoA with Legnaro signed; Target and Ion source ordered (Delivery 1st half of 2016) • design of beam lines completed • Started purchasing beam line components (mainly vacuum) • Discussions on licencing underway • First beam late 2016/2017 50 A at 66 MeV  6 x 1012 fissions/s A competitive low energy RIB facility

  18. RIB Phase 1: 70 MeV Cyclotron •Diameter < 4m •Weight > 120t •Magnetic field: 1.55T •Magnetic Gap: 30mm •Extraction Radius: 1.2m •2 exit ports • Particles: H- / D- / He2+/ HH+ • Energy : 15 MeV 70 MeV • Performances: 750μA H- @ 70MeV 35μA He2+ @70MeV

  19. RIB Phase 1: Layout

  20. Phase 1: Funding 220 A from 2 ports 2 weeks/month Research Funding for ½ of cyclotron cost Commercialization of Isotope production to fund the remainder

  21. Phase 2: Layout (Preliminary)

  22. Upgrade SPC2 and SSC: • Present SPC2 inflector unsuitable for heavy-ions • Double-drift buncher in injection line before SPC2 • Puts 80% of beam within phase acceptance • Presently have Variable Frequency Flat-Topping on SPC1 • Introduce the same to SPC2 • Variable frequency flat-topping on SSC • Upgrade Vacuum • Overall transmission to reach up to 30%

  23. Beam Intensity Comparison

  24. Upgrade of experimental facilities - Array (aim for 10% efficiency) Solenoid Spectrometer - internal target - reactions on light targets - external target - heavy ion transfer with -coincidence

  25. Upgrade of experimental facilities In-flight production of n-deficient beams Fusion-evaporation; inverse kinematic Beam A ~ 120 1 pµA; 6 MeV/A A ~ 20 Products A ~ 140 ~ 4MeV/A 107pps Coulex

  26. Summary (developments at iThemba LABS) First AMS facility in Africa (end 2015) Modern Electrostatic Accelerator for IBA at below 1 position resolution (April 2017) Low energy RIB (~2018) Technical design study for RIB Project completed early in 2016 RIB Phases I and II can contribute to the advances in nuclear physics internationally Contribute to the growth of Nuclear Science in Africa

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