Micro and Nanotechnology: An Overview

1. Micro and Nanotechnology: An Overview Dr. Kristy M. Ainslie From Dr. Tejal Desai’s Lab, UC San Francisco June 20, 2007

2. The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More 1 cm 10 mm 10-2 m Head of a pin 1-2 mm 1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm) Ant ~ 5 mm 10-3 m Microwave Dust mite 200 mm 0.1 mm 100 mm 10-4 m Micro-technology “The Micro World” Fly ash ~ 10-20 mm Human hair ~ 60-120 mm wide 0.01 mm 10 mm 10-5 m Infrared Red blood cells (~7-8 mm) 1,000 nanometers = 1 micrometer (mm) 10-6 m Visible 0.1 mm 100 nm 10-7 m Nanotechnology “The Nano World” Ultraviolet 0.01 mm 10 nm 10-8 m ~10 nm diameter ATP synthase 10-9 m 1 nanometer (nm) Soft x-ray 10-10 m Atoms of silicon spacing 0.078 nm 0.1 nm DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter

3. Nanoscale Fits the Molecular World A 8’ desk? A 2’ 6” desk? One 5’5” Student (our example molecule) Or a 5’ desk? Compared to what we can see, an atom scale is about a million times smaller! Imagine a desk a million times too big!

4. Nanomaterials Have More Atoms on the Surface Micro-scaled Material Nanomaterial Volume = 3x3x0.7 mm3 or ~4 million atoms total 976 or 4% of the atoms are at the surface Volume = 18x19x1 nm3 or 15x8x16 atoms = 1920 atoms total 976 or 51% of the atoms are at the surface Materials of the micro (1x10-6m) and especially nano (1x10-9m) size have more atom exposed on the outside then inside A 1x1x1 cm3cube will have 0.00072% of the atoms exposed to the surface

5. Surface Atoms Interact more with the Environment Light Temperature Heat Sound Cold The forms of energy that affect us in the environment can affect molecules. Energy comes from the environment to affect molecular nature. Since more molecules are on the surface, the affect is more pronounced.

6. Nanotechnology has mechanical applications Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100 mm wide Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter

7. A Stretched Out Buckey Ball Becomes a Nanotube • Fullerenes (aka buckyballs) • Discovered in 1985 at the University of Sussex and Rice University • Named after Richard Buckminster Fuller • Geodesic domes (Epcot Center) • Made entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. • Used for microelectrics, sensors and composite materials

8. MEMs: MicroElectroMechanical Systems • High proportion of atom on the surface changes characteristics • electrostatics (static electricity) • wetting • Can be fabricated with semiconductor fabrication technology (microchips) • Made of silicon, polymer or other metals (e.g. gold, nickel, platinum) • Used for sensors, computer processors, an inkject printer

9. Quantum Dot Colors Vary with Size • Semiconductor based material • Confines electron motion in three directions • Releases discrete quantized energy • Used in LEDs, sensing, and lasers

10. Nanotechnology Includes Nanomaterials Nanowires Nanomembranes Nano-others Nanoparticles • Any material that has nano-scale features are termed a nanomaterial

11. In Addition, Nanotechnology has biomedical applications Therapeutic Drug Delivery Devices 10nm-100 mm Kinesin walks on Microtubule ~100 mm Lab on a Chip Technology on the micron scale Biosensors Detection from DNA to Proteins 10nm-100 mm DNA to Bind and Detect Proteins 10nm-100 mm

12. The Scale of the Biological World Bacterial Cells Viruses Proteins Small Molecules DNA Atoms 100 mm 1x10-4 m Plant & Animal Cells 10 mm 1x10-5 m 1 mm 1x10-6 m 100 nm 1x10-7 m 10 nm 1x10-8 m 1 nm 1x10-9 m 1 Å 1x10-10 m

13. Smaller piping means smaller volumes of fluids are needed The area the fluid is moving in is so small, that the liquid does not mix Microfluidics are Microscale Piping

14. Biosensors Detect Analytes from Bodily Fluids • Biosensors use antibody or other specific binding molecules to capture the substance of interest • Output can be light, movement, an electrical signal

15. Lab on a chip integrate nanomaterials, microfluidics, biosensors, microelectrics, and biochemistry Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis at the Hospital Bedside

16. Therapeutic Delivery of Drugs Can Reduce Side-effects • Small scale “pills” can be taken up by cells • Adding of antibodies can be used to target sick cells • Administered through IV, the skin, inhaled, orally

17. Micro and Nanotechnology can be used for Tissue Engineering • To grow a cell needs to adhere and spread • Nanomaterials can navigate cell growth • Cells can adhere to nanomaterials more strongly

18. Nanomaterials can Change Cell Behavior • Stem cells can be grown on nanomaterials • The differentiation of the stem cell can be changed with nanomaterial interactions

19. Review of Micro and Nanotechnology Things on the nanoscale are a billion times smaller then a meter-stick. Things on the microscale are a million times smaller then a meter-stick. Higher % of molecules on the surface leads to different properties. Micro- and nano-scale materials include Buckeyballs and nanotubes Micro and Nanotechnology are on the scale of the biological world. These materials can help treat, diagnose and research diseases.

20. http://www.science.doe.gov/bes/scale_of_things.html Scale of Biological World http://www.cimaging.net http://library.thinkquest.org http://www.becomehealthynow.com http://efl.htmlplanet.com http://www.sciencemusings.com http://i86.photobucket.com/ http://www.3dchem.com/ http://depts.washington.edu http://www.scharfphoto.com http://www.computing.dcu.ie http://www.p450.kvl.dk http://upload.wikimedia.org/ http://www.genelex.com http://www.csb.yale.edu/ http://serc.carleton.edu/ http://www.nanosensors.co.kr/ http://www.manhattanchurch.org/ Biomedical Applications http://monet.unibas.ch https://buffy.eecs.berkeley.edu http://www.naclgroup.org http://nanopedia.case.edu/image/build.buckyball.jpg http://content.answers.com/ http://www6.ufrgs.br/ MEMs http://www.aero.org/ http://www.devicelink.com/ www.cs.duke.edu http://mems.nist.gov/ http://web.mit.edu/ Quantum Dots http://www.imem.cnr.it www.greenspine.ca http://www.evidenttech.com/ http://z.about.com/ Nanomaterials www.cvd.louisville.edu http://www.micronova.fi/ www.itmweb.com/ http://www.worldhealth.net http://usinfo.state.gov http://www.meliorum.com http://www.innovations-report.com http://nanoprism.net http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/ http://cjmems.seas.ucla.edu http://www.ceic.unsw.edu.au http://www.chem.ufl.edu http://www.mri.psu.edu/ http://www.laser-zentrum-hannover.de References

21. Biosenors http://www.sensortec.dk http://www.primidi.com http://www.primidi.com http://www.media.mit.edu http://www.physics.mcgill.ca http://www.schaefer-tec.com http://www.bme.cornell.edu Therapeutic Drug Delivery http://www.azonano.com http://www.sigmaaldrich.com http://www.cfdrc.com http://www.pevion.com http://www.s3.kth.se Stem Cells http://www.sciencedaily.com http://web.uconn.edu Lab on a chip http://www.medgadget.com http://images.vertmarkets.com http://www.berkeley.edu http://www.pi2.uni-stuttgart.de http://www.i-math.com.my Microfluidics http://www.medgadget.com http://www.niherst.gov.tt http://www.bme.utexas.ed uxlink.rsc.org http://www.ichf.edu.pl http://www.mrsec.harvard.edu http://www.leelab.org References