The Dropping of The Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1. The Dropping of The Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima and Nagasaki The atom bomb was no great decision. It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness. ~ Harry S. Truman

2. Germany was Experimenting with Nuclear technology by 1938 (picture from Haigerloch) The Japanese were also experimenting with Nuclear fussion

3. The Manhattan Project • Established, June 1942 • 1944- 129,000 employed • “Gadget” (Trinity) tested on July 16, 1945

4. Robert J. Oppenheimer- Project Leader “When you see something that is technically sweet, you go ahead and do it and you argue about what to do about it only after you have had your technical success. That is the way it was with the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb made the prospect of future war unendurable. It has led us up those last few steps to the mountain pass; and beyond there is a different country.”

5. Letter to Harry Truman April 24, 1945 Dear Mr. President, I think it is very important that I should have a talk with you as soon as possible on a highly secret matter. I mentioned it to you shortly after you took office but have not urged it since on account of the pressure you have been under. It, however, has such a bearing on our present foreign relations and has such an important effect upon all my thinking in this field that I think you ought to know about it without much further delay. Faithfully yours,Henry StimsonSecretary of War

6. “Trinity”July 16, 1945

7. Fission Bomb

8. RUSSIA • What message would dropping the bomb send to Stalin?

9. Would the Japanese surrender? Battle of Okinawa • 48,000 Americans died. 150,000 Japanese civilians died. • Japanese propaganda- “American barbarians”

10. Potsdam DeclarationJuly 26, 1945 Key Points: 1.We-the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war. 13. We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.

11. Japan’s Response “No thanks”

12. Emperor Hirohito • No unconditional surrender

13. Truman’s Motivations • Cost • Roosevelt • American lives • Pearl Harbour • American POW’s mistreatment

14. Truman after the bomb • “This is the greatest thing in history.” and “Nobody is more disturbed over the use of atomic bombs than I am but I was greatly disturbed over the unwarranted attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor and their murder of our prisoners of war.

15. Saving Lives? • Civilian deaths in Asia- 200,000 per month. • Diplomatic sanctions? Naval blockade? • American soldiers?

16. Invading Japan? • Secretary ofState James Byrnes claimed500,000 • Total combat deaths after four years of war – 292,000.

18. The Atomic Bomb at Hiroshima

19. Hiroshima • On August 6, 1945 • B-29 Enola Gay • Colonel Paul Tibbits • Population 255 000

20. Hiroshima • Aerial photograph taken from 80km away one hour after the bomb was dropped

21. Hiroshima Before The Atomic Bomb

22. Hiroshima After The Atomic Bomb

24. Due to radiation, approximately 152,437 additional people have died.

25. Formal Warning • On August 10, 1945 thousands of leaflets were dropped over the city of Nagasaki • The leaflets called for a petition to the Emperor of Japan to stop the war and agree to thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender.. Sample Leaflet

27. The Bombing:Nagasaki Before After

29. Dead & injured by the Atomic bombs in tens of thousands

30. If you have a weak stomach don’t look at the next slide

32. The JapaneseSurrender • September 2, 1945. • USS Missouri

33. Imperial Rescript on Surrender …”The enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers.

34. Signing of the Terms of Unconditional Surrender by Japan “As President of the United States, I proclaim Sunday, September the second, 1945, to be V-J Day--the day of formal surrender by Japan. It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities. But it is a day which we Americans shall always remember as a day of retribution--as we remember that other day, the day of infamy.From this day we move forward. We move toward a new era of security at home. With the other United Nations we move toward a new and better world of cooperation, of peace and international good will and cooperation.God's help has brought us to this day of victory. With His help we will attain that peace and prosperity for ourselves and all the world in the years ahead.

36. Alfred Eisenstaedt's 1945 LIFE photograph