Unit Five

1. Unit Five Industrial Revolution to the Progressive Era

2. The Growth of Big Business • SSUSH 11 • The student will describe the economic, social, and geographic impact of the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction. • Key Terms

3. Railroad Industry • Huge amounts of capital were needed to create and maintain a nation-wide business. • Capital acquired through both public (government) subsidies and private investments. • Large professionally train managerial staffs were needed to keep up with many passengers, cargo, and equipment. • New means of accounting were created • Internal organization led to the consolidation of many railroads.

4. Expansion of Railroads • 1st Transcontinental Railroad • Completed in 1869 • Union Pacific – built from east to west • Irish laborers • Central Pacific – built from west to east • Chinese laborers • Met at Promontory Pt, Utah in 1869

5. Rise of Big Business • Development of corporations • Several people share ownership of a business • Corporations wanted to increase profits: • Tried to gain a monopoly • Complete control over a product or service • Created trusts – group of separate companies that are put under the management of a single group

6. John D. Rockefeller • Standard Oil Company • Began buying inefficient companies in 1870 • Controlled 90% of the refining capacity in the U.S. by 1879 • 1882 he combined the companies to form the Standard Oil Trust • 1890 the trust was broken up by the Ohio Supreme Court

7. Thomas Edison • Electric Light Bulb (1880) • Motion Pictures (1888) • Built the machine needed for filming and projecting motion pictures • Phonograph (1877) • Early record player

8. American Industrial Growth • SSUSH12 • The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

9. Who came to America? “New” Immigrants • after Civil War (1880-1914) • from Eastern & Southern Europe & Asia • mostly unskilled workers • most remained in cities of Northeast – “ethnic islands” • language, customs, religion, appearance different to Americans • faced hostility and suspicion; not easily assimilated “Old” Immigrants • before Civil War (1820-60) • from Northern & Western Europe • mostly skilled workers • most moved onto small towns & farms of North and West • language, customs, religion similar to Americans • faced hostility, but more easily assimilated into American society

10. Why did immigrants come to America? Pull Factors • economic opportunity – industrialization created jobs • freedom from persecution • RR advertisements • legislation – Contract Labor Law Push Factors • famine • lack of opportunity • racial, religious, political persecution • required military service in home country

11. What were the major points of entry for immigrants coming to the United States? • Established by the Bureau of Immigration • 1892 Ellis Island opened in New York Harbor as major immigration station on East coast • 1910 Angel Island opened in San Francisco & became a major station on West coast Ellis Island Angel Island

12. How did immigration impact America? • encouraged industrial growth - built railroads, worked in coal mines & factories • made traditions part of American culture • became active in labor unions and politics Angel Island

13. Why did immigrants face hostility? • Competed for jobs (created a surplus) – kept wages low and those who did not join a union made it difficult for unions to organize & gain advantages • Competed for housing (caused shortages) – caused crowding and rents increased • Religious differences: “Old Immigrants” – Irish Catholics “New Immigrants” – Jews and Orthodox religions • Sometimes affected American politics / elections (often blamed for political machines’ corruption)

14. How did immigrants respond? • Organizations formed – American Protective Association – fought for immigration restrictions • American Federation of Labor • Samuel Gompers • President of union from 1886 – 1924 • Accepted only skilled workers • Organized by craft • Did not see capitalism as the enemy • Urged workers to work with owners for higher wages and better working conditions • Was not above using work stoppages though when needed

15. Industrial Unrest 1894 Pullman Strike • Pullman Palace Car Company laid off workers and reduced wages, later shut down plant • Employees were forced to live and pay rent in Pullman (located in Chicago) • Owner: George Pullman • A.R.U. called for a nationwide strike • Halted railroad traffic & mail delivery • President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end strike • Debs put in prison (he violated Sherman Antitrust Act)

16. Why did farmers move West? • Railroads advertised land for sale, especially in Europe • Homestead Act of 1862 – government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road

17. Sources of Conflict: Views on Nature • Indian cultures – saw themselves as part of nature; viewed nature as sacred • White settlers – saw land as a resource to produce wealth A pile of buffalo skulls waiting to be made into fertilizer. Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection.

18. Sources of Conflict: Broken Promises • 1830s – Native Americans forced to resettle west of the Mississippi “Great American Desert” • 1850s– gold & silver discovered in Indian Territory, Indians are forced onto smaller lands • 1860s – Indians forced onto reservations

19. New Settlers & Native Americans Clash • Battle of Little Big Horn • 1875 gold discovered on Sioux hunting grounds in the Dakotas & Montana • Chief Sitting Bull & Chief Crazy Horse assembled Sioux and tried to drive white settlers out • U.S. sent troops against Native Americans • 1876 Colonel George Custer & men arrived early and all were killed by the Sioux

20. Ghost Dance Religion • religious revival among Indians • would banish white settlers & restore buffalo Lakota Song about Ghost Dance: The whole world is coming,A nation is coming, a nation is coming,The eagle has brought the message to the tribe.The Father says so, the Father says so.Over the whole earth they are coming,The buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming,The crow has brought the message to the tribe,The Father says so, the Father says so. Wovokaa Paiute medicine man and mystic

21. New Settlers & Native Americans Clash • Wounded Knee (1890) • U.S. government concerned, ordered arrest of Sitting Bull – he & others were killed when followers tried to rescue him • U.S. troops followed Sioux who escaped – killed more than 100 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota • end of Plains Indian resistance

22. Dawes General Allotment Act • 1887 law that broke up reservations, divided reservation land into private family plots, and sold the rest to white settlers • U.S. government refused to recognize tribes and treated Indians as individuals

23. The Progressive Era • SSUSH13 • The student will identify major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era • Key Terms

24. What is the Progressive Movement • 1890 – 1920 • Movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

25. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle • Published 1906 • Exposed dangerous and unsanitary conditions in Chicago’s stockyards • President Roosevelt read it and got Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act – it provided federal agents to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat-processing plants.

26. The Jungle • That was 1906… • Things are better today right!!!! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj4sSZIZco0

27. Women in the Progressive Era • Jane Addams • Opened a settlement house in Chicago • Community centers organized to provide social services to the urban poor • Examples of services provided: • Gave mothers child care classes • Taught English • Ran nursery schools and kindergartens

28. Alice Paul and the NWP • National Woman’s Party • Worked to earn women the right to vote used public protest marches • 1st to picket White House and use hunger strikes

29. Jim Crow America • INSERT VIDEO OF JIM CROW

30. Niagara Movement • Founded in 1905 • Group of African Americans who pushed for immediate racial reforms, especially in education and voting practices. • Leadership: • W.E.B. DuBois • Membership only grew to a few hundred

31. NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Formed in 1909 • Interracial organization founded to abolish segregation & discrimination and to achieve political & civil rights for African Americans • Strategy: use courts to challenge unfair laws

32. Plessy v. Ferguson • 1890 – Jim Crowe Law in Louisiana • Required separate seating cars on railroads in the state • 1892 – NAACP planned an event to bring attention to the law • Homer Plessy (1/8thAfrican-American, thus meeting the legal definition, but not looking African-American) • Boarded a “White Only” seating car • He was arrested and his trial went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States • 1896 – Supreme Court Ruling • “Separate but equal” is constitutional • Racial discrimination is now legal

33. The Muckrakers • Muckraker term originated from a President Theodore Roosevelt speech in which he praised journalist for “uncovering that which was hidden from a corrupted society.” • The most famous Muckraker was Ida Tarbell • A History of the Standard Oil Trust • “They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” • Describes Rockefeller as being “money-mad” and “a hypocrite” • “Our national life is on every side distinctly poorer, uglier, meaner, for the kind of influence he exercises,” she concluded.

34. Political Reforms of the Progressive Era • Initiative/referendum: • Allowed voters to suggest and approve laws directly without going through state legislatures • Recall • Enabled voters to get rid of politicians who were unsatisfactory, without waiting for a complete election cycle • Direct Election of Senators • The 17th Amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators ending the state legislative cronyism responsible for the appointment of Senators.

35. Economic Reforms of the Progressive Era • Child labor laws • Set a minimum age for employment • Restricted the types of jobs children could hold • Women in the Workplace • Set a minimum wage for female labor • Set a maximum number of hours females could work • Workplace Safety • Worksite inspections to insure • Health • Safety • Sanitation • Worker’s Compensation Laws

36. Social Reforms in the Progressive Era • Designed to improve living conditions for the poor in cities • Jacob Riis • How the Other Half Lives (1890)

37. The Conservation Movement • Three Schools of Conservationist • 1st – Businesses supported a laissez-faire approach believing that business should be allowed to do as they wished with public lands. • 2nd – Environmentalist believed that nature was sacred and humans were intruders. • 3rd – Conservationist believed that nature could be used but it should also be protected.

38. Theodore Roosevelt • Life-long naturalist • Majored in Natural History at Harvard • As President he increased the number of: • National forest reserves • Mineral lands • And hydropower sites • He also: • Created the National Forest Service • 5 National Parks • 18 National Monuments • 51 Bird Reserves • 4 Game Preservations • 150 National Forest