Chapter 41 Animal Nutiriton

1. Chapter 41Animal Nutiriton Emily Moxie

2. The Need To Feed • Threecategories • Herbivores- eatonlyautotrphs (plants) • Carnivores- eat only animals • Omnivores- eat both autotrophs and animals • All animals will adapt to a change in diet if necessary

3. 41.1 Homeostasis mechanisms manage an animal’s energy budget • 4 main feeding mechanisms; • Suspension feeders- sift small food particles from the water • Fluid feeders- live in or on their food source • Bulk feeders- eat relatively large pieces of feed, uses claws, fangs, jaws, and teeth to kill prey

4. ATP generation • Nost ATP generation is based on the oxidation of ebertu rich organic molecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Fats • Monomers of these can be used as fuel

5. Glucose regulation as an example of homeostasis • If the animal isn't growing or reproducing, there tends to be surplus in energy department • In humans, the liver and muscles store energy ni the form of glycogen • Fuel may be taken out of storage depots and oxidized, for weight loss

6. Caloric imbalance • Undernourishment- the diet of an animal is chronically deficient in calories, body stores used glycogen, and breaks down protein for fuel • Overnourishment- the human body hoards fat in the diet, so stores excess in molecules obtained from food instead of using it for fuel.

7. Obesity as a Human Health problem • World Health Organization(WHO)- recognizes it as a major global problem • Percent of obese (very overseight) has doubled to 30% • Obesity has many associated health problems • Diabetes • Colon and breast cancer • Cardiovascular complications, leading to heart attacks and strokes • Factored into 300,000 deaths a year

8. Some useful vocabulary • Leptin- suppresses appetite as its level increases, and vice versa • PYY- a hormone which is secreted in the small intestine after meals, acts as an appetite suppressant that counters the appetite stimulant ghlerlin • Gherlin-one of the signals that triggers hunger as mealtimes approach

9. Animals and their diet • Excessive body fat may be beneficial for some animals • An animal’s diet must supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients • animals need organic precursors (carbon skeleton) from food • Essential nutrients- musi be obtained preasssembled because abimal’s cells cant make them

10. Animals and their diet….continued • Malnourished- an anumal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutirents • Undernourished- caloric defiency • An animal may be malnourished and undernourished

11. Essential amino acids • Animals requie 20 amino acudsot make proteins (synthesize half) • Essential amino acuds-obtained from food in prefabricated form • Insufficent of one or more amino acids is protein deficient • Kwoshiorkor-protein deficient but has enough calories • Amino rich foods- meat, eggs, cheese

12. Essential fatty acids • Acids animals cannot produce, certain unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds) • Defieiencies with fatty acids are rare

13. vitamins • Vitamins are organic molecules requited in the diet in amounts that are small compared to quantities of essential amino acids and fatty acids • 13 vitamins have been identified • Recommended daily allowances(RDA)-nutrient intakes proposed by nutritionalists to maintain health

14. Types of vitamins • Fat soluble • A,D,E,K they have many different functions • Water soluble • B-complex, coenzymes, metaboic process, vitamin C-required for the production of connective tissue

15. minerals • Simple inorganic nutrients , usually required in small amounts-from less than 1mg upto 2500mg per day • Mineral requirements vary from animal to animal • Most people have twenty times the amount of salt than they need

16. The main stages of food processing and ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination • Ingestion- the act of eating, the fist stage of food processing • Digestion- the second stage of food processing, the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb • Enzymatic hydrolysis- the process of breaking bonds with water in the splitting process

17. The main stages of food processing continued • Absorption-after the food is digested, animal’s cells take up small molecules (amino acids or simple sugars) from the digestive compartment the third stage of food processing

18. Digestive compartments • Animals reduce the risk of self digestion by processing food in specialized compartments

19. Intracellular digestion • Food vacuoles-cellular organelles where nydrolyte enzymes work • Intracellular digestion-deigestion within a cell, mixes food with enzymes for safe digestion ina protective membrane

20. Extracellular digestion • The breakdown of food outside cells • Occurs within compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal’s body • Enables an animal to eat prey much larger that itself • Gastrovascular cavity- functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients throughout the body

21. Each organ of the mammalian digestive system has specialized food-processing functions • Peristalsis- rhythmic waves of contraction of the canal, pushes the food along the tract • Spincters- the ringlikealues, which closes off the tube like drawstrings regulationf the passage of material chambers of the canal • Accessory glands of digestive system • Salivary glands • Pancreas • Liver • gallbladder

22. The oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus • Oral cavity-triggers a nervous reflex that causes the salivary glands to deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity • Salivary amlase- an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch • Bolus-the shape that the tongue makes cewed food into • Pharynx- a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea)

23. The oral cavity continued • Epiglottis- a cartilaginous flap which blocks the blottis • Esophagus- conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

24. Stomach • The stomach stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion, it has an accordionlike folds, and an elastic wall • Gastric juice- a digestive fluid secreted from the stomach • Pepsin- (in gastric juice)_ an enzyme that begins hydrolysis of preteins, breaks down peptide bands adjacent to specific amino acids, making smaller polypeptides

25. Stomach continued • Stomach’s second defense against self-deigestion is mucus • Acid chyme- a result of mixing and enzyme actions, what begins in the stomach, becomes a nutrient rich broth • Pyloric sphincter- opening from the stomach to te small intestine

26. The small intestine • The small intestine is the longest section of the alimentary canal • Bile- a mix of substances that is stored in the gallbladder until needed

27. Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate’s digestive systems are often associated with diet • Dental adaptations • The type of teeth differ between carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores • Stomach and intestinal adaptations • Carnivores have expandable stomachs • Herbivores and omnivores have long stomachs • Symbiotic adaptations • Elaborate adaptations in herbivores help them breakdown cell walls