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MARKETING MANAGEMENT 12 th edition

MARKETING MANAGEMENT 12 th edition. 14 Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs. Kotler Keller. Chapter Questions. How do consumers process and evaluate prices? How should a company set prices initially for products or services?

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MARKETING MANAGEMENT 12 th edition

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  1. MARKETING MANAGEMENT12th edition 14 Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs Kotler Keller

  2. Chapter Questions • How do consumers process and evaluate prices? • How should a company set prices initially for products or services? • How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportunities? • When should a company initiate a price change? • How should a company respond to a competitor’s price challenge?

  3. Rent Tuition Fee Fare Rate Toll Premium Honorarium Special assessment Bribe Dues Salary Commission Wage Tax Synonyms for Price

  4. Common Pricing Mistakes • Determine costs and take traditional industry margins • Failure to revise price to capitalize on market changes • Setting price independently of the rest of the marketing mix • Failure to vary price by product item, market segment, distribution channels, and purchase occasion

  5. Consumer Psychology and Pricing • Reference prices • Price-quality inferences • Price endings • Price cues

  6. “Fair price” Typical price Last price paid Upper-bound price Lower-bound price Competitor prices Expected future price Usual discounted price Table 14.1 Possible Consumer Reference Prices

  7. Overvalued Brands Land Rover Kia Volkswagen Volvo Mercedes Undervalued Brands Mercury Infiniti Buick Lincoln Chrysler Table 14.2 Consumer Perceptions vs. Reality for Cars

  8. Price Cues • “Left to right” pricing ($299 versus $300) • Odd number discount perceptions • Even number value perceptions • Ending prices with 0 or 5 • “Sale” written next to price

  9. When to Use Price Cues • Customers purchase item infrequently • Customers are new • Product designs vary over time • Prices vary seasonally • Quality or sizes vary across stores

  10. Steps in Setting Price • Select the price objective • Determine demand • Estimate costs • Analyze competitor price mix • Select pricing method • Select final price

  11. Step 1: Selecting the Pricing Objective • Survival • Maximum current profit • Maximum market share • Maximum market skimming • Product-quality leadership

  12. Step 2: Determining Demand • Price sensitivity • Estimating demand curves • Price elasticity of demand

  13. Step 3: Estimating Costs • Types of Costs • Accumulated Production • Activity-Based Cost Accounting • Target Costing

  14. Cost Terms and Production • Fixed costs • Variable costs • Total costs • Average cost • Cost at different levels of production

  15. Step 5: Selecting a Pricing Method • Markup pricing • Target-return pricing • Perceived-value pricing • Value pricing • Going-rate pricing • Auction-type pricing

  16. Auction-Type Pricing • English auctions • Dutch auctions • Sealed-bid auctions

  17. Step 6: Selecting the Final Price • Impact of other marketing activities • Company pricing policies • Gain-and-risk sharing pricing • Impact of price on other parties

  18. Price-Adaptation Strategies • Geographical pricing • Discounts/allowances • Promotional pricing • Differentiated pricing

  19. Countertrade Barter Compensation deal Buyback arrangement Offset Discounts/ Allowances Cash discount Quantity discount Functional discount Seasonal discount Allowance Price-Adaptation Strategies

  20. Promotional Pricing Tactics • Loss-leader pricing • Special-event pricing • Cash rebates • Low-interest financing • Longer payment terms • Warranties and service contracts • Psychological discounting

  21. Differentiated Pricing and Price Discrimination • Customer-segment pricing • Product-form pricing • Image pricing • Channel pricing • Location pricing • Time pricing • Yield pricing

  22. Increasing Prices • Delayed quotation pricing • Escalator clauses • Unbundling • Reduction of discounts

  23. Brand Leader Responses to Competitive Price Cuts • Maintain price • Maintain price and add value • Reduce price • Increase price and improve quality • Launch a low-price fighter line

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