Atmosphere in Motion Air Around You

1. Atmosphere in MotionAir Around You Chapter 16

2. Atmosphere • What is the atmosphere? • A layer of gases surrounding Earth • Composed of matter and has mass • Subject to the pull of gravity

3. Gas Composition of Earth's Atmosphere Nitrogen - 78% of atmosphere Oxygen - 21% of atmosphere Trace gases - 1% - Neon, Helium, Hydrogen, Methane,

4. Atmosphere

5. Carbon Dioxide Formation of the Atmosphere: The Earth's atmosphere was formed by a process in which gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen were released from the interior of the Earth from volcanoes and other processes.

6. Atmosphere • Levels • Troposphere- • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere • Exosphere

9. Levels of Atmosphere • Troposphere- approx. ground to 10 kilometers ( approx 7 miles up)   • The closest layer to the Earth. • Contains 75% of our atmospheres gases • Weather clouds and smog occur in the troposphere

10. The troposphere is the layer where most of the world's weather takes place. Since temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere, warm air near the surface of the Earth can readily rise, being less dense than the colder air above it. air molecules can travel to the top of the troposphere and back down again in a just a few days. vertical movement or convection of air generates clouds and ultimately rain from the moisture within the air, and gives rise to much of the weather which we experience.

11. Stratosphere • approximately 10 km - 45 km up (approx 7miles-30miles) • The ozone layer is located here • the jet stream is located here • Little or no water vapor here

12. a layer in which temperatures rises with increasing altitude. At the top of the stratosphere the thin air may attain temperatures close to 0°C. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer. Such a temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, and the stratosphere lacks the air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. almost completely free of clouds or other forms of weather.

13. Mesosphere - approximately 45 km -95 km up (30 - 50 miles up) • the coldest part of the atmosphere

14. Thermosphere - • approximately 95 km -to 500 km (50 miles and up) • Warmest layer of the atmosphere. • lower layer of thermosphere is called the ionosphere

15. IONOSPHERE

17. Exosphere • approximately 500 kilometers and beyond • Outer most layer of our atmosphere • Very few air molecules in this layer • No clear boundary between this layer and space

20. Test study Question • Discuss the layers of the atmosphere and the importance of each layer.

21. Video http://aimedu.vo.llnwd.net/o35/s/wm/384k/1_1000/1_1101_384k.wmv?e=1289359409&h=c82fe644878cd1ddbae973656b08df52&title=Video%20Quiz%20The%20Air%20Up%20There

22. Water Cycle http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=53bdf2518c53ddf3bce6

23. Water Cycle

24. What is weather? Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Energy Transfer Humidity Relative Humidity

25. What is weather? Describes the current condition of the atmosphere. Factors include- temperature, cloud cover, wind speed & direction, humidity, and air pressure

26. What is weather? • Temperature- • Measures how fast air molecules are moving • Rapid-warm/slow-cold • Atmospheric Pressure • Air has weight, and the weight exerts pressure • When air is heated molecules move faster and air expands, making air less dense. This is why it is moved upward • Warm rises/cool sinks

27. Energy Transfer • Fast moving molecules transfers to slow moving, transfer of energy when molecules collide is conduction • Warm air rising cool air sinking is convection (main way heat is transferred in atmosphere) • Humidity- • amount of water vapor in the atmosphere • Warmer more evaporation occurs thus more water vapor • Dew point- temperature at which condensation can occur. when the air is saturated (holds all the vapor it can) condensation can occur

28. Clouds Clouds are classified into a system that uses Latin words to describe the appearance of clouds as seen by an observer on the ground.

29. Clouds Low clouds Middle Clouds High and vertical clouds

30. Low Clouds • Low clouds are of mostly composed of water droplets since their bases generally lie below 6,500 feet (2,000 meters). However, when temperatures are cold enough, these clouds may also contain ice particles and snow.

32. Low Clouds • Stratus- dull, gray sheets cover sky • Nimbostratus- low, dark thick layers block out sun (rain sheets) • Cumulonimbus- thunder heads (vertical development produce thunder and lighting) all levels of troposphere • Stratocumulus- • Cumulus- puffy clouds

33. Cumulus

34. Mid-Level Clouds • The bases of mid-level clouds typically appear between 6,500 to 20,000 feet (2,000 to 6,000 meters). Because of their lower altitudes, they are composed primarily of water droplets, however, they can also be composed of ice crystals when temperatures are cold enough.

36. Middle Clouds • Layered variety of clouds • Contain enough moisture to produce light precipitation • Altocumulus • Altostratus

37. High Level Clouds • High-level clouds form above 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) and since the temperatures are so cold at such high elevations, these clouds are primarily composed of ice crystals. • typically thin and white in appearance, but can appear in a magnificent array of colors when the sun is low on the horizon.

39. High and vertical clouds • Made up entirely of ice crystals, high in atmosphere • Cirrus- wispy, high-level clouds • Cirrocumulus • Cirrostratus- high, layered cover entire sky • Cumulonimbus- create heaviest precipitation thunderstorm clouds- vertical development

40. Cloud types Cirrostratus

41. Clouds

42. Clouds • Low clouds • Stratus • Nimbostratus • Stratocumulus • Cumulonimbus • Middle Clouds • Altostratus • Altocumulus • High and vertical clouds • Cirrus- • Cirrocumulus • Cirrostratus- Cumulonimbus-

43. Precipitation • When drops of water become too heavy to remain suspended in the clouds • Rain • Snow • Sleet • Hail- balls of ice that form in cumulonimbus clouds

44. Winds • When molecules are heated in atmosphere and they move quickly and spread apart. Causes regions of low pressure • When cooled molecules move more slowly and closer together air becomes less dense and sinks forming regions of high pressure

45. Wind • Air moving from one pressure to another • Greater pressure differences greater the winds • Measure by anemometer- indicates wind speed

46. Anemometer

47. Surface Winds • Winds blowing near the Earth's surface. • It is measured, by convention, at a height of 10 m above ground in an area where the distance between the anemometer and any obstruction is at least 10 times the height of the obstruction.

48. Coriolis Effect • Once air has been set in motion by the pressure gradient force, it undergoes an apparent deflection from its path, as seen by an observer on the earth. This apparent deflection is called the "Coriolis force" and is a result of the earth's rotation.

50. As air moves from high to low pressure in the northern hemisphere, it is deflected to the right by the Coriolis force. • In the southern hemisphere, air moving from high to low pressure is deflected to the left by the Coriolis force.