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Learn about weather vs. climate, how to measure temperature, wind, rain, air pressure, and humidity, and make short and long-term predictions using climatology concepts. Memory games included!
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Questions to think about • What is climate? • How is climate different from weather? • Are they related? • What controls the climate? • Does climate change? • Can climate be predicted? • What is the climate in Hawai’i?
“Climate is what you expect … weather is what you get!” Energy In = Energy Out Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.
Measuring Weather and Climate • Temperature • Hi • Lo • Range • Wind • Direction • Speed • Rainfall • Daily • Cumulative • Air Pressure • Humidity
1.Temperature Thermometers measure temperature. Types of thermometers: - liquid-in glass - bimetallic - infrared - thermoelectric
1.Temperature Liquid in Glass Thermometer • Most common for everyday use (medicine, cooking, etc.) • Liquid is either mercury or alcohol • Difficult to automate
1.Temperature Bimetallic Thermometer • Uses a coil of two different metals attached to one another • Different metals expand at different rates • Used in: • round outdoor thermometers • thermostats • Difficult to automate
1.Temperature Infrared Thermometer • Measures the infrared radiation emitted by an object (like night-vision) • Used to take an instant temp reading of the air. • Easily automated • but other aspects such as ground color can affect temp readings
2.Wind Wind Vane • Measures wind direction • Points parallel with the wind • Has a “fatter” tail than head so it won’t point 180º in the wrong direction.
2.Wind Anemometer(say “an-uh-MOM-e-ter”) • Measures wind speed • Common type = cup anemometer • When the wind is gusty, it overestimates the avg. wind speed because of momentum • Must be placed far away from obstacles to be accurate (Distance = 10x the height of tallest object)
3. Rainfall Rain Gauge • Tipping bucket rain gauge • How it works: - Rain falls into one of two buckets - When it’s fills up with .01” of rain, gravity causes it to tip - Other bucket fills and tips - Number of tips counted electronically
4.Air Pressure Barometer • Measures atmospheric pressure • Works like a weight scale for the air above it • Mercury barometer has a bowl with liquid in it and a tube sealed at the top and open at the bottom immersed in the liquid. When pressure rises, the mercury in the tube rises. Mercury Barometer
4.Air Pressure Barometer • Measures atmospheric pressure • Aneroid barometer uses gears attached to a sealed air container that expands or contracts with decreasing or increasing pressure Aneroid Barometer
5. Humidity Hygrometer • Measures humidity • Consists of two thermometers, one of which includes a dry bulb and the other a wet bulb. Comparisons of the temperatures on a chart tell us the relative humidity • Dewpoint- temperature at which water vapor condenses
Predictability “If they can’t predict the weather, how can they possibly hope to predict the climate?” • Weather forecasts are only useful for a few days, maybe a week at best. Boundary-layer eddy: 10 minutes Cumulonimbus clouds: 1 hour Mid-latitude cyclone: 3 days Big standing waves: 10 days El Niño: 100 days Deep ocean circulation: 50 years(?)
Activity: Fast Facts Memory Games Memory Game rules are: a. Only 3 people to a team & everyone keeps score b. Only 5 minutes to plan c. Only 30 seconds to show your memory game • Only 3 tries for another team to successfully imitate your game (and only 2 teams can try any one game) e. Points awarded to each team for: 1 point – trying out another team’s game 2 points – getting another team’s game correct in 3 tries 3 points – getting another team’s game correct in 2 tries 4 points – getting another team’s game correct in 1 try
Activity: Fast Facts Memory Games Memory Game options are: 1. Lots of instrument names rhyme … create a song, poem or chant using rhyming words to memorize the new vocabulary 2. Each instrument measures something different … create a clap & match game to memorize instrument names & what they measure (e.g. thermometer – temperature) 3. Each kind of thermometer looks different … draw thermometer pictures on flashcards or the chalkboard & match their names & uses to them 4. Predictions can be made for short term (weather) or long term (climate) … create a mini-play, with or without words, to memorize which different meteorological signs predict weather or climate & how far into the future they do so (e.g. cumulonimbus clouds predict 1 hour of cloud activity)
