Fluency Instruction and Assessment TE 402 Week Nine, March 23, 2009

1. Fluency Instruction and AssessmentTE 402Week Nine, March 23, 2009 Reading fluency: The ability to read quickly, accurately and with expression. Writing fluency: The ability to write quickly, coherently with automaticity and ease.

2. Objectives We will be able to… • Identify and describe instructional strategies that build students’ reading and writing fluency. • Evaluate students’ literacy needs using assessments • Participate in book club using roles. • Make text-to-text (self) connections between poems. • Connect awareness of our culture and the culture of others to teaching and learning • Explain how to use “Where I’m From” poems to inform instruction.

3. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (15 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

4. Housekeeping • Next Week: • New Literacy Project virtual class • Write your review by noon, begin to work on your blog • How to post the link to your project on the Wiki: • Go to the “New Literacies Projects Spring 2009” folder on the Sidebar • Click on the “Edit” tab • Click on the “insert link” icon (a globe with a chain link) • Choose “insert a URL” then type in the web address to your project page - if you end up having trouble, just email the link to the person above you and me so we can access it

5. Housekeeping • Working with small groups in the field: • Arrange to work with 2 or more students to implement reading or writing lesson - your reflection on these small group lessons will be your participation log entry for the day you teach it • Identify 2 or more focus students for reading/writing lessons. Talk with CT about appropriate strategies to use to support the focus students’ learning. • Access any assessments completed by CT that will help you plan your reading lessons • Plan to teach at least 2 reading events (mini-reading/writing lessons) and attach plans to your log (use mini-lesson plan templates provided on ANGEL in the Handouts section)

6. Coming Attractions - New Literacy Project Due dates • Due Sunday, 3/29, 11:59 pm • New Literacy Project - post on Wiki • Due Monday, 3/30, 12:00 pm • Review of the project listed below you on the Wiki; answer the questions listed on the Wiki page • Due Friday, 4/3, 5:00 pm • Post a Blog reflecting on the New Literacy Project experience - see Wiki for Blog prompt • Due Monday, 4/6, 5:00 pm • Write a response to your blog group - respond to the whole group or individuals

7. Coming Attractions - Vocabulary Instruction, Week Eleven, 4/6/09 • Everyone reads: • Tompkins, Chapter 6, Expanding Students’ Knowledge of Words, pp. 184-213 • On ANGEL: Lapp, et. al. (2004). Scaffolding Vocabulary Learning: Ideas for Equity in Urban Settings, pp. 275-289 • Finish your book club book and reflect on the question:How does the book help us explore social injustice and human dignity? • In the Field: • Discuss your need to work with a small group throughout the month of April. Have your CT recommend a group of 2-4 students that need extra support. Gather assessment data for those students. • Give your CT the assignment description • Upcoming due dates: • Lesson plan reflection due on MONDAY, APRIL 13TH

8. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (15 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

9. New Technology Workshop • Get together in the groups below, head to a computer station to share your work so far and work out any kinks you might have - (15 min) • Groups: • 1. Scrapblogs: Lyndsay B., Andrea, Alison B. • 2. Scrapblogs: Katie K., Lisa, Tiffany, Mandy • 3. Scrapblogs: Shannon, Kelley, Janie, Lauren • 4. Scrapblogs: Jessica, Paula, Rachel W. • 5. Websites: Rachael A., Colleen C., Kati H., Liz • 6. Websites: Julie, Sara, Lindsay P., Gina • 7. Movies, etc.: Brandon, Tim, Colleen G. • 8. Comics, etc.: Melissa, Katalin, Alli W.

10. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (20 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

11. Field Debrief • In grade level groups, take 10 minutes to discuss any or all of the following: • How would you characterize a ____ grade student? (socially and academically) • What content is currently being covered in your classroom? • How have you made yourself a part of the classroom and school community? • What have you seen that is cause for celebration? • What have you seen that is cause for concern? Groups: • K: Melissa, Kelley, Alison, Alli • 1: Colleen C., Colleen G., Rachael A., Shannon, Gina • 1: Katie K., Kati H., Sara, Lauren, Rachel W. • 2: Tiffany, Janie, Jessica, Liz • 3: Andrea, Paula, Julie, Lisa • 4/5: Tim, Katalin, Lyndsay B. • 5/6: Lindsay P., Mandy, Brandon

12. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (20 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

13. What is fluency? • Think of fluent/non-fluent readers in your classroom? How would your describe them? What do they sound like?

14. Literacy Framework

15. What is Fluency? • Components of Fluency - Accuracy, Automaticity, Prosody • Accuracy in decoding • Is the student reading accurately? • Automaticity in word recognition • Is the student identifying words quickly and reading at an appropriate rate? • Appropriate use of prosodic features • Is the student attending to punctuation? Reading with expression? Changing tone? • A lack of fluency breaks down comprehension • A lack of decoding ability breaks down fluency

16. Parts of Prosody • Tempo: how fast or slow to read the lines • Rhythm: which words to stress or say loudly • Pitch: when to raise or lower the voice • Phrasing: when and how long to pause

17. Developing Fluency • Reading, reading, and more reading • Reading aloud to model • Practicing with a real purpose • Level of text - easy vs. instructional • Hold your students accountable!

18. Assessing Reading Fluency • Running Records • Rubrics • Words per minute • Prosody

19. Oral Reading Fluency ScaleU.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Listening to Children Read Aloud, 15. Washington, DC: 1995

20. Words per Minute(McGill-Franzen, 2006)

21. Graphing Progress

22. Fluency instruction Instruction should address both Automaticity and Prosody You can focus on: • Punctuation • Acting out punctuation marks • Same sentence with different punctuation: I love you

23. Instructional Practices that Build Fluency(Walpole and McKenna, 2007, p. 73)

24. Timed Repeated Reading • To help children with low reading rates, but adequate decoding and word recognition ability • Need short passages slightly above instructional level (about 100 words) and timer

25. Timed Repeated Reading • Day 1: Teacher listens to each child in group and records initial fluency rate. • Day 2: Children practice reading passages. Teacher individually times and provides feedback to children. • Day 3: Chart progress of children. If reach 100 words per minute, provide a new passage.

26. Choral Partner Reading • Step 1: Teacher models while children follow along. • Step 2: Children read with a partner. • Students read chorally. • Student taps when ready to read alone. • Student taps when wants to read chorally again. • Teacher acts as partner for 1 student.

27. Fluency-Oriented Reading Instruction • Day 1: Teacher reads selection aloud to class and leads comprehension-focused discussion • Day 2: Teacher/student echo reading. Students reread passage to adult for homework. • Day 3: Class reads selection chorally. Students reread passage to adult for homework.

28. Fluency-Oriented Reading Instruction • Day 4: Students partner-read story. Students reread passage to adult for homework. • Day 5: Students work on extension activity. Teacher individually assesses fluency of children.

29. Phrased Text Lesson • Purpose: To teach automaticity and prosody. Phrasing text improves both skills. • Procedural Details: Step 1: • Mark a short section of text to show phrase boundaries for students • Explain the importance of phrasing in oral and silent reading • Describes the marks on the text. Step 2: • Model reading the text for students • Ask them to read chorally in meaningful phrases • Ask students to read the text with a partner Step 3: • Model how to break sentence into phrases • Have students practice breaking sentences into phrases • Setting: Whole-class or small group, depending on the needs of students • Grade-Levels: 1 through 5.

30. Developing Writing Fluency How might the following activities develop writing fluency? • Quick Write • Interactive Writing • Model Writing • Spelling Activities • Word Walls • Dictation

31. Developing Writing Fluency • Writing, writing, writing • Integrate writing across curriculum • Charting how many correct words per minute • When would good invented spellings count? • When do you just look at ideas and sentence construction?

32. Assessing Writing Fluency Look for: • Ideas • Speed • Automaticity • Ease • Writing Vocabulary • 10 minutes to write all words you can write • http://www.cliontheweb.org/pd_asamp1a.html

33. More Reading Fluency Activities Types of Choral Reading: • Echo reading: leader reads each line and the group repeats it • Leader and chorus: leader reads the main part and the group reads the refrain or chorus in unison • Small-group reading: group sub-divides and each group reads one part of the poem • Cumulative reading: one student/group reads the first line, another student/group joins in as each line or stanza is read so that a cumulative effect is created. Other Fluency Activities • Partner reading: in pairs, students read the text, switching every sentence, paragraph, page (whatever makes sense for the text) • Readers theater: students read the story as a “play” (either a pre-written script or write their own)

34. Putting it all Together

35. Putting it all Together • Work with a partner • Examine the assessments in the packet • For each student (Miranda, Devounte, Julia), answer the following questions: • What might be holding the student back? • What instructional actions could be taken to improve achievement? Think of several instructional activities you could implement. • What else do you want to know about the student?

36. Break • Return at:11:10

37. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (20 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

38. Book Club • Use roles to perform book club (15 minutes) • Reflect on book club -- How were the response based discussions different from the role based discussions? Which did you prefer? (5 minutes) • Finish your book by April 6

39. Agenda • Agenda Overview (3 min) • Housekeeping (10 min) • Announcements • Next week, Working with small groups; New Literacies Wiki - posting your link; Coming Attractions • New technology workshop (15 min) • Field Debrief (20 min) • Describing your grade level • Fluency Discussion (60 min) • What is fluency? (10 minutes) • Mini-lecture (20 min) • Reading and Writing Fluency • Putting it all together: Assessing students (30 min) • Break (10 min) • Book Club (20 min) • “Where I’m From” (30 min)

40. I am From Poems “As I teach, I project the condition of my soul onto my students, my subject, and our way of being together. The entanglements I experience in the classroom are often no more or less than the convolutions of my inner life. Viewed from this angle, teaching holds a mirror to the soul. If I am willing to look in that mirror, and not run from what I see, I have a chance to gain self-knowledge -- and knowing myself is as crucial to good teaching as knowing my students and my subject”~Parker J. Palmer, The Courage to Teach“Critical awareness may be somehow enhanced, as new possibilities open for reflection. Poetry does not offer us empirical or documentary truth, but it enables us to ‘know’ in unique ways.” ~Maxine Greene, The Dialectic of Freedom, 1988

41. I am From Poems Where are we from? • In table groups of , take turns reading your poems to each other • What did you learn about your colleagues’ culture by reading their poems? • How can you use this information in your class?